Moral And Psychological Atmosphere :: essays research papers

From its opening, the tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, plunges us into a world of mystery, intrigue and plotting. It is dark, enigmatic and yet resplendent motor hotel of Elsinor that we saunter into, a court dominated at different times by two characters. With Hamlet trying to prove Claudiuss guilt, and Claudius trying to pierce the secret of Hamlets madness, and using Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Ophelia, and finally Gertrude as his pawns. This makes the atmosphere more and more gloomy and tense The play begins with the Changing of the guards on a cold winters night at the castle of Elsinor. The men shed about tad that they have seen, which is the dead king of Denmark. The scene is set on a dark cold night, causing the atmosphere to be gloomy, with latent hostility that can be felt distinctively, foreshadowing of what is to come. This is the skill with which Shakespeare evokes a mood appropriate to this tragedy.The prince Hamlets first moral struggle is seen in th e soliloquy. He wishes to end his life for this world has become " weary, stale, flat and unprofitable". It is non just the death of his beloved father and king which has reduced him to this state of despair but excessively the fact that his mothers hasty marriage to his uncle Claudius. He perceives this marriage as unrighteous and is religiously wrong. This accounts for his wish to commit suicide. However according to the bible it morally incorrect, it is forbid by the sixth of the Ten Commandments in the Old Testament. The question to live or to end his life is seen in another scene. "To be or not to be" This suggests that Hamlet is always in the tussle of morality. The atmosphere of the play is steeped in the odour of subversive activity as well as decay. These visible elements of corruption are reinforced by numerous words and images throughout the play. One of these is " something is rotten in the state of Denmark." This is said by Marcellus when he saw the ghost and aware of the cause of Old hamlets death. This highlighted the theme of decay. Another example is when the Ghost compares Gertrudes sin to preying on garbage. In addition Hamlet warns Polonius of the way the sun breeds maggots in a dead dog. " For if the sun breed maggots in a dead dog,

Automobile Racing :: essays research papers

Automobile RacingInternational competitiveness, testing the capabilities of specially designedautomobiles and the skill of their drivers, over tracks and courses of differinglengths and construction, this is automobile cannonball along. The first car raceconsidered is the one held in France in July 1894, in which the winner averaged24 kilometers per hour, when 100 automobiles set out from Paris to Rouen. Thefirst race in North America was held in Chicago, Illinois, in the year 1895.The excitement generated by the possibility of driving at higher and higherspeeds has made automobile racing one of the worlds major spectator and histrion sports. Early races were held in two forms pure speed races and theothers tested engine reliability, which later became known as rallies. Inrallies, cars attempt to achieve and maintain a set speed between points. Thefirst races were held on public roads, but with increasing concern for spectatorsafety, special closed-circuit tracks were built for ral ly racing. The closelycommon racing track is a paved oval with banked corners, from 200 m to 4000 m inlength. The difference between road and track racing ultimately led also todifferent vehicle construction four major types of racing cars are now built.Pure racing machines, such as those used in Grand PrixFormula 1 and in Indycar,are built for power and endurance at speeds of more than 320 km/h (200 MPH). Inthe quondam(prenominal) stock cars used to be production automobiles modified for track racing,but are built now solely for the purpose of racing. Sports cars used for racing,such as rallies, may be either rebuilt production vehicles or pure racingmachines. Drag racers are cars built to accelerate rapidly to high speeds over very(prenominal) short straight tracks, or drag strips, generally about 400 m (3 mi) long.The race most popularly associated with the sport is the Indianapolis 500, socalled because contestants mustiness cover 500 mi (about 805 km) it has been heldannuall y on Memorial Day weekend since 1911. With crowds averaging 400,000, itis the best-attended single-day sports event in the world. This year the Indy500 will not overwhelm most teams from IndycarCART, Championship Auto RacingTeams, the regulatory body which is now being opposed by the IRL, Indycar RacingLeague, whose owner also owns the Indy 500 track. The elite group Grand Prix races areheld at various international sites, such as So Paulo, Brazil, and Johannesburg,South Africa, and through the streets of Monte Carlo, Monaco. Points scored bywinners of these races are amount to establish the world champion driver.

Islam` Essay examples -- essays research papers

The Islam faith was a very predominant one in the va allow de chambres past history. When it first started to rise along with the teachings of Mohammed, it was very popular. Their military and cultural achievements were remarkable. When the Arabs first started conquering land, they had affected the language and cultures of those lands. Mohammed was a very ghostlike man, who helped Islam rise and conquer.Mohammed was born in 569 B.C.E. Mohammed had lost both of his parents by the age of 6, leaving him in the care of his grandmother and uncle. At 12 years old, his uncle took him on a caravan to Syria, where he picked up certain points from the Jewish and Christian religions. He married a wealthy woman at age 25, and they produced a few children together. When Mohammed was 40, he had a period of spiritual strain he felt that divinity had chosen him to be a prophet. After answering to God and believing that the Koran was communicated to him, he believed he had a divine calling to tea ch the power of Allah, he wanted to warn his people of the Day of Judgment, and let them know of Paradise and the rewards it held.Shortly after he had passed away, his teachings were written down of this new religion, Islam, which meant submission to Gods Will. Mohammed called upon his followers to follow 5 pillars of Islam. In short, they are 1. There is no God but Allah Mohamed is the Messenger of Allah. 2. Pray five times daily-dawn, noon, midafternoon, dusk, and after dark. Facing the direction of Mecca, praying on a carpet, shoes removed and heads covered, 3. Moslems must give alms generously, 4. Moslems must fast from daybreak to sunset during the whole month of Ramadan, 5. Once in their lives Moslems, of they can, must make the tour to Mecca.The rituals Mohammed created made a strong bond amongst the followers of Islam. They had to obey these five pillars together. Take care of their fellow Moslems who were economically challenged. They also had the Koran, which bound them t ogether as followers, and they had their pilgrimage to Mecca, which they took together with fellow Moslems. The Koran gave guidance for all parts of life for the Moslems-for manners and hygiene, marriage and divorce, commerce and politics, crime and punishment, peace and war (Stavrianos, 178-179). thence you coul... ...lind power complex of the Moslems because they thought they were unstoppable. They had a negative attitude towards those not part of their empire. Egocentricity let down the iron curtain between the Moslems and the west, especially in the field of science. Scholars of the Moslem world were nave to the achievements in anatomy, medicine and astronomy. Moslem science had festered with little drive for new discoveries in the years to come.A concluding reason for the explanation of the decline of the Moslem empire were that the three greatest Moslem empires were land empires. These people ruling and taking charge in these empires had their backs to the ocean, so they ne ver felt a need to go to sea. The rulers did not help by being uninterested in trading overseas. This situation let Europeans to cover past the Moslems and become leaders in the overseas trading industries. The Europeans controlled the world trade and the stimulated the economic, social and political development of this nation. Europe became increasingly wealthy, productive, and dynamic, totally leaving the Moslem empire following in its footsteps for centuries.

Foreshadowing In A Tale Of Two :: essays research papers

Foreshadowing is a technique that prepares a reader for an event that is soon to come. An author that uses foreshadowing is Charles Dickens. Charles Dickens writes many famous novels. A famous novel of his is A Tale of Two Cities. A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens is a novel that reveals many future events by dint of the use of foreshadowing.The French Revolution is the main event described by the use of foreshadowing. Dickens uses the phrase one tall joker so besmirched . . . scrawls upon a wall with his finger dipped in muddy-lees BLOOD? to forecast the spilt wine as future blood shed during the French Revolution (37-38). Dickens overly subtly states the one woman Madame Defarge who stands conspicuous, knitting, still knits on with the steadfastness of Fate? and he is foreshadowing the French Revolution by comparing Madame Defarge to Fate (117). both(prenominal) Madame Defarge and Fate mark people who are destined to die which leads further into the French Revolution. La stly, Dickens presents the statement they their very selves are closing in around a structure yet unbuilt, where they are to sit knitting, knitting, counting dropping heads? to show that in the future, Madame Defarge and her women knit while counting the heads be severed by La closure by compartment (187).Another instance of foreshadowing is the revenge of the poor people against the aristocrats. When Dickens writes, there is a flutter in the air that fans Saint Antoine and his devouring hunger far away? he is referring to the poor people in Saint Antoine such(prenominal) as the Defarges and their death craving towards the aristocrats (113). The poor that crave the aristocrats deaths have such a strong aura that they are a part of a living Saint Antoine, and for a moment, their death craving is delayed until a ulterior time. Dickens also states in this novel the knife strikes home, the faces change, from faces of pride to faces of anger and pain also that when that dangling figur e is hauled . . . they change again, and bear a cruel look of being avenged? which shows the poor switching from their pride to revenge against the aristocrats and the aristocracy (177). Madame Defarge makes the statement vengeance and retribution require a long time? to her husband during his time of queasiness to seek revenge against the aristocrats, and it implies that Monsieur Defarges revenge happens later in the future (179).

Turing: Concept of Computation :: Computers Computational Systems Papers

Turing Concept of ComputationTurings analysis of the concept of computation is indisputably the foundation of computationalism, which is, in turn, the foundation of cognitive science. What is gainsay is whether computationalism is explanatorily bankrupt. For Turing, all information processing systems are digital computers and something becomes a (digital) computer just in deterrent example its behavior is interpreted as implementing, executing, or satisfying some (mathematical) function f. As computer names a nonnatural kind, al near everyone agrees that a computational interpretation of this sort is necessary for something to be a computer. But because everything in the universe satisfies at least one (mathematical) function, it is the sufficiency of such interpretations that is the problem. If, as anticomputationalists are fond of pointing out, computationalists are wedded to the view that a computational interpretation is sufficient for something to be a computer, then everythin g becomes a digital computer. This not only renders computer-talk vacuous, it strips computationalism of any empirical or explanatory import. My aim is to defend computationalism against charges that it is explanatorily bankrupt. I reexamine several(prenominal) fundamental questions about computers. One effect of this computation-related soul-searching will be a framework within which Is the brain a computer? will be meaningful. Another effect will be a fracture in the supposed link between computationalism and symbolic-digital processing. If the standard by which to measure the explanatory revalue of a view were its revolutionary character, then Turings (1936) analysis of the concept of computation would be highly valued indeed. Whereas the science of mind was once dominated by behaviorists, today it is dominated by computationalists. For computationalists, the mind/brain is a computer. As computationalists came to shoulder the burden for explaining how the mind/brain works, Turi ngs analysis of what counts as a computer became the standard by which to justify empirical claims about whether something is a computer. According to Turing, all computers are digital computers and something becomes a (digital) computer just in case its behavior is interpreted as implementing, executing, or satisfying some (mathematical) function f. Because Turings analysis is considered the foundation of computationalism, which, in turn, is the foundation of cognitive science, there can be no doubt that Turings analysis has revolutionized the scientific study of the mind/brain. That much is not in dispute. What is, rather, is whether computationalism is explanatorily bankrupt.Although attacks against computationalism come in a variety of flavors, what bridles Searle (1990) and other anticomputationalists the most is the sufficiency of Turings analysis of what counts as a computer.

Angel :: essays research papers

TO MY BEST FRIENDWithout you, high school would not book been the alike. Over the days we agree shared so much and built a relationship that is precious and lastingWith you I nates laugh, I canister cry, I can say whats on my mind or just be silent. With you its easy to be me.I remember disagreements....saying things we didnt really mean. I to a faultremember that only minutes later we were laughing so hard we cried.Sometimes when life seems difficult...I remember our friendship full oflaughter and esteem. Then I am able to lift my spirits and smile like I know youwant me to.The memories we share remind me of how lucky I am to have a best friendlike you.People we meet see a little of you in me and a little of me in you.I reckon at you and my eyes look back, I speak and I hear your voice.We are more than merely acquaintances....its as if we are cut from the samefabric.We have a common thread that wont be broken--by people, or years, ordistance.We are never at a loss for words. We can talk for hours about nothing at allor communicate the deepest hurt with a single word. With you, speech is effortless and laughter is contagious.You bring love and light, kindness and caring, cheer and support into my life.We do not always see eye to eye....sometimes we take different roads.Our relationship is not always perfect, but when we have a problem itssurmountable.Sometimes we are the mirror image of each other and other times we couldntbe more opposite. only when because of you I know myself better.I know that if I pick up the phone youll be there. If I need help, youll give itto me twofold. If I start to go down the wrong path, youll lead me the rightway.Theres no end to what you do for me and I want you to kow Ill do the samefor you.thank you for listening without judging and for giving advice without pushing.Thank you for helping me gain confidence in myself to stand alone--and forletting me know youll always be there.The greatest carve up about being best frien ds is sharing ourselves.Having our own interests, but always communicating. Striving to meet ourown goals, but never losing sight of one another. living our own lives, butalways remaining connected.You and I have so many memories...you share my history.You remember where Ive been, respect who Ive become and support me

Angel :: essays research papers

TO MY BEST FRIENDWithout you, high school would not cede been the same. Over the years wehave shared so much and built a relationship that is precious and lastingWith you I can laugh, I can cry, I can say whats on my mind or barely be silent. With you its easy to be me.I remember disagreements....saying things we didnt really mean. I alsoremember that only minutes later we were laughing so hard we cried.Sometimes when life seems difficult...I remember our friendship full oflaughter and love. Then I am able to lift my spirits and smile care I know youwant me to.The memories we share remind me of how lucky I am to have a best friendlike you.People we oppose see a little of you in me and a little of me in you.I look at you and my eyes look back, I speak and I hear your voice.We are more than merely acquaintances....its as if we are cut from the samefabric.We have a common thread that wont be broken--by people, or years, ordistance.We are never at a loss for words. We can talk for h ours about nothing at allor communicate the deepest hurt with a single word. With you, speech is effortless and laughter is contagious.You bring love and light, kindness and caring, cheer and support into my life.We do not always see eye to eye....sometimes we take different roads.Our relationship is not always perfect, further when we have a problem itssurmountable.Sometimes we are the reverberate image of each other and other times we couldntbe more opposite.But because of you I know myself better.I know that if I rob up the phone youll be there. If I need help, youll give itto me twofold. If I start to go down the wrong path, youll lead me the rightway.Theres no end to what you do for me and I want you to kow Ill do the samefor you.Thank you for listening without judging and for giving advice without pushing.Thank you for helping me slay confidence in myself to stand alone--and forletting me know youll always be there.The greatest part about being best friends is sharing our selves.Having our own interests, but always communicating. Striving to meet ourown goals, but never losing sight of one another. Living our own lives, butalways remaining connected.You and I have so many memories...you share my history.You remember where Ive been, respect who Ive become and encourage me

Bell Rock Lighthouse Essay

5 WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR I. (i) The words mind is without fear mean that unmatchable does non have each fear of oppression or compulsion. The poet is talking about the minds of the people of his untaught. He says so because his country was below the subjugation of the British, who perpetrated every last(predicate) sorts of oppression on his countrymen. (ii) The words the head is h geezerhood high mean to have self respect. The head is bowed down because of exploitation and oppression of the Indians by the British. It of necessity to be held high with pride and dignity which characterised the Indians before India was reduced to the status of a subjugated nation.(iii) By the words Where knowledge is free, the poet wants to say that in his country everyone should have the freedom to acquire knowledge without any restriction. The restrictions imposed on the scattering of knowledge include the prejudices based on wealth, caste and religion. Further, the British imposed rest rictions on the basis of the ruler (the British) and the ruled (the Indians). They curbed the freedom of speech and expression by putting restrictions on the charge up. (iv) Due to the restrictions imposed on the spread of knowledge, people remained glued to their outdated springer and traditions and could not think judiciously.(v) A sonnet is a follows of fourteen lines divided into an octave (the ?rst eight lines) and a sestet (the last six lines). The octave presents an idea, raises an argument, stirs a proposition or poses a problem, whereas the sestet gives a solution to the problem posed by the octave. The poem Where the Mind is Without Fear comprises an octave, in which the poet talks about the wonderful qualities his countrymen must achieve to make their country free and nirvana- bid. Since this poem is only a actuate of the complete song in his Nobel Prize winning work, Gitanjali, we can say that this poem is a part of the complete sonnet. II.(i) According to the po et, the narrow domestic w every(prenominal)s or divisions based on caste, class, colour, religion, creed, region and superstitions break up the world into fragments or mutually exclusive compartments. (ii) The narrow domestic walls refer to narrow local divisions created 6TEACHERS handbook (ICSE POEMS) by prejudices like caste, colour, creed, region and religion. They be called narrow by the poet because they ar based on age- old customs and traditions and not on the basis of rational thinking. (iii) The narrow domestic walls can harm the nation by creating divisions among people and at that placeby, undermining the unity andintegrity of the nation. (iv)The poet wants to say that his countrymen should be able to express themselves truthfully without any fear. He feels so because his countrymen at that time did not have freedom of expression as various restrictions were imposed on the freedom of speech and the Press by the British. (v) Examples of alliteration are (a) Where the w orld (b) Where words (vi) The poet shows that he has a religious outlook by praying to God to let his country awake to a blissful heaven of freedom. III. (i) Tireless striving means to work hard without getting tired to achieve flawlessness.The poet wants his countrymen to achievethe highest goals, i. e. , freedom at all levels political, religious, whole toneual, virtuous and intellectual. (ii) Reasoning allows a person to have clarity of thoughts without cosmos restricted by narrow domestic walls such(prenominal) as caste, colour, creed, religion, region and superstitions. That is why it has been compared to a clear stream which is free of all impurities. (iii) Dreary desert sand of dead habit is a metaphor.Through this metaphor the poet wants to say that his countrymen should work for perfection in everything and should not be led astray from their goal in the dry desert of dead habits, i.e. , in a place where outdated customs and traditions are hunted. (iv) According to the poet, the hurdles in achieving perfection include the outdated customs and traditions based on irrational thinking rather than sound cogitate and scienti? c thought. (v)The ? gure of speech in the third line of the given put for struggled is a metaphor. For explanation refer to answer (iii) above. (vi) This poem by Rabindranath Tagore is interpreted from his original volume called Naibedya, which bears the title Prarthana, i. e. , prayer. In this poem, the poet prays to a universal father-? gure, i. e., God to let his country awake to a blissful heaven of freedom.Thus, the poem is a song of prayer. 7 IV. (i) Thee refers to God. (ii) The mind of the poets countrymen is to be led forward to the heaven of freedom, i. e. , to an ideal state where on that point is total freedom at all levels political, religious, spiritual, example and intellectual. (iii) The phrase Heaven of freedom means an ideal state, where the poet wants the Almighty to lead his countrymen to. The three qua lities required to be able to attain the heaven of freedom include (a) there is no oppression and people can take away their heads high in self-respect.(b) there are no prejudices based on caste, colour, creed, religion, region and superstitions. (c) people should work tirelessly to attain perfection in everything by following scienti? c thought and rational thinking, without being led to follow obsolete traditions and customs. (iv) Father in the above extract is a reference for God. He will awake the country by leading the poets countrymen to a heavenly state where there are all kinds of freedom and where they can hold their heads high in self-respect, without any fear of oppression or compulsion. (v) The poet prays for his country to attain all kinds of freedom political, religious, spiritual, moral and intellectual.And only thence it will attain the blissful heaven of freedom, an ideal state where his countrymen would be able to hold their heads high in self-respect, will not ha ve a blurred vision based on prejudices and work tirelessly to attain perfection in every sphere of life. I. (i) The Inchcape shudder is referred to in the extract. The rock lay hidden in the sea reach the east coast of Scotland. It sometimes remained hidden under sea water during the high tide. (ii) The words surges swell mean the sea-waves moved up and down and rose high due to the in? uence of tides.The censureing chime refers to the bell fixed on the Inchcape rock by the abbot of Aberbrothok, to give a censureing to the sailors about the danger from the rock. The warning bell was placed on a buoy and during high tides the movement of waves do the buoy to ? oat and in turn rang the bell and warned the sailors. THE INCHCAPE ROCK 8TEACHERS HANDBOOK (ICSE POEMS) (iii) The persuade was utter to be perilous because many directs had been wrecked by it when it remained covered by sea water during a high tide.Sir Ralphs ship struck against the Inchcape Rock and drowned in the s ea. (iv) The Head monk of a monastery or church is known as anAbbot. The mariners blessed the Abbot Aberbrothok because he placed a bell on the Inchcape Rock, which gave a warning to the mariners about the perilous rock and thus, saved them and their ships from drowning. (v) A ballad is a long narrative poem that tells a story. It is a heightened storey that uses narrative technique like rhyme and ? gures of speech.The twain elements of ballad in the given extract are the following (a) The rhyming pattern followed in this extract is aabb (Swell- Bell Rock-Aberbrothok). (b) There is a repetition of consonant sound at the beginning of words (alliteration) to facilitate narration1. .. surges swell 2. .. then they II. (i) Sir Ralph was a rover or a sea pirate. He was a queasy and jealous man. (ii) The pleasant day in the spring season made the bird of passage sing. But the real reason was that in a such calm atmospheric state he would be able to carry out his sloshed plan of defam ing the Abbot of Aberbrothok by cutting off the bell from the Inchcape Rock and thereby, loot the wealth from the shipwrecks. The given lines mean that the Rovers heart was exceedingly joyful but his joy was due to his wicked plan. (iii) The Rover saw the buoy of the Inchcape Rock like a dark speck on the common land ocean.He asked his sailors to lower the boat and row him to the Inchcape Rock. (iv) The Rover wanted to go near the Inchcape Rock to cut off the warning bell to spoil the fame and repute of the Abbot of Aberbrothok, who has placed the bell there and to loot the wealth from the shipwrecks. (v) The Rover was in a joyful mood in the extract. His joyful mood is re? ected in the extract by his act of whistling and singing. At the end of the poem, the Rover was in a mood of despair and frustration. 9 III. (i) The boatmen rowed the boat to the Inchcape Rock. (ii) The Rover cut off the bell from the Inchcape Rock.He did so out of jealousy and self-interest. He wanted to spoil the fame and reputation of the Abbot of Aberbrothok, who has placed the bell there. It would alike allow him to easily loot the wealth from the shipwrecks, ca utilise by the Inchcape Rock. (iii) The Rovers act of cutting the bell from the Inchcape Rock led to the collision of his ship with the rock and ? nally, the drowning of the ship with the Rover. (iv) After performing the wicked deed of cutting the bell from Inchcape Rock, the Rover said that from then onwards the mariners who employ to thank the Abbot would no longer thank him.(v) The Abbot of Aberbrothok had kept the bell there. The bell was placed on the ? oat because the movement of the ? oat during the high tide would make the bell ring and warn the sailors of the danger from the rock. (vi) The sailors, passing by earlier, blessed the Abbot of Aberbrothok for placing the warning bell on the Inchcape Rock and thereby, saving them from the perilous rock. IV. (i) The Rover sailed away from the Inchcape Rock. He became pro ductive by looting the wealth from the ships that struck against the Inchcape Rock. (ii)After amassing wealth, the Rover was sailing towards the shoreof Scotland. (iii) When the Rover was sailing, there was a thick haze over the atmosphere and no sun in the sky. There were strong winds and tail all around. The weather conditions predicted that ?nally the Rover would meet his end in the sea. (iv) The Rover was a wicked man who was jealous of the fame and reputation of the Abbot of Aberbrothok. That is why he carried out his wicked plan of cutting off the warning bell on the Inchcape Rock, placed there by the Abbot.He was a robber who became rich by looting the wealth from the shipwrecks. (v) The Abbot was a kind and compassionate man, who placed awarning bell on the Inchcape Rock to forewarn the sailors about the danger to their ships from the perilous rock. The Rover, on the other(a) hand, was a jealous and wicked man, who cut off the warning bell on the Inchcape Rock to defame t he Abbot and to loot the wealth from the shipwrecks. V. (i)When the Rover and his sailors were going towards the shore of Scotland, the weather was bad, with a thick haze over the atmosphere, no Sun in the sky and strong winds. THE INCHCAPE ROCK 10 TEACHERS HANDBOOK (ICSE POEMS) (ii) The words the breakers roar mean the roaring of the sea waves, i. e. , the sound made when the sea waves break on theshore. The breakers roar normally signify a high tide when the sea waves surge up and down with a great force. (iii)The sailors wished that they could hear the Inchcape Rock. The ring of the bell would have indicated the presence of the perilous rock and thus saved the ship from colliding with it. (iv) The sailors could not go through any land on the way to Scotlands shore because of bad weather. There was a thick haze in the atmosphere and total darkness in the absence seizure of the Sun in the sky. Sir Ralph was optimistic that the weather would improve by night when the moon would r ise in the sky.(v) In the absence of the Inchcape Bell, no warning sound was heard by the sailors and the vessel struck against the Inchcape Rock. VI. (i) They could not hear any sound due to the absence of the warning bell on the Inchcape Rock, which the Rover had cut off. If the sailors had heard the normal expected sound of the warning bell from the Inchcape Rock, they would have saved the ship from striking against the rock. (ii) (a) the swell is strong there are strong waves in the sea. (b) They drifted along They moved slowly towards the shore. (iii) The vessel struck against the Inchcape Rock.It was a shiveringshock because the ship collided with the rock and the waves from all sides began to concentrate it. (iv) Sir Ralph was in a state of despair and shock when he realised that his ship had struck against the Inchcape Rock. In his frustration, he pulled his hair and cursed himself. Sir Ralphs ship struck the very rock from which he had removed the warning bell and sank in the sea. (v) Sir Ralph was a sea pirate. He was a wicked and jealous man. He used to loot wealth from the ships that foreboding(a)ly crashed against the Inchcape Rock.But when the Abbot of Aberbrothok placed a warning bell, he cut off the bell to defame the grievous Abbotand put the other helpless sailors into trouble. However, he got caught in his own trap of mischief when his ship struck against the Inchcape Rock and sank in the sea alongwith him. (vi) The moral adopted through this poem isAs you sow, so shall you reap.The Rover cut off the bell from the Inchcape Rock, but his own ship struck against the very Rock because of the absence of any warning sound and sank in the sea. 11 VII. (i) The Rover could hear the sound of his sinking ship, which seemed to him like the sound made by the Inchcape Bell. The sound was sore because there was no chance of survivingthe shipwreck. (ii) The sound of the Inchcape Bell was a forewarning of the danger from the perilous rock to the sailor s and was thus life-saving.The dreadful sound, on the other hand was that of the sinking ship that signalled the end of Sir Ralph. Therefore, it appeared to be like a funeral bell being run by the Devil himself. (iii) The Devil below was ringing his knell mean that the sound which Sir Ralph was hearing appeared to him like the sound of the Inchcape bell. But actually the sound was that of the sinking ship. (iv) Sir Ralph, the Rover cut off the warning bell, which the Abbot ofAberbrothok had planted on the Inchcape Rock as a forewarning to the sailors.But Sir Ralphs own ship struck against the very rock due to the absence of any forewarning sound and drowned in the sea with Sir Ralph. Thus, the evil that Sir Ralph plotted for the Abbot and the other sailors, recoiled on him. (v) The Inchcape Rock is a ballad comprising adventure, valour and jealousy. Sir Ralph, the pirate, went on an adventure trip on the sea with his sailors. He had the valour to take the risk of cutting off the bel l from the Inchcape Rock, which the Abbot of Aberbrothok had placed there to warn the sailors.He did this wicked act out of jealousy as he could not accept the popularity of the obedient Abbot and wanted to defame him. He as well as did so because of sel? sh motive as he used to make wealth by looting money from the ships that crashed after striking against the Inchcape Rock. I. (i) The merchants are in the bazaars of Hyderabad. They are selling their goods in the market. The words Richly displayed mean that the goods to be sold in the market have been beautifully displayed by the merchants to attract the buyers. (ii)The goods on deal in this market included crimson and silverturbans, purple brocade tunics, mirrors framed in brownish yellow colour and daggers with handles of jade. (iii) The poet begins the stanza with a question to set up an answer from the vendors about the goods they are selling. This pattern IN THE BAZAARS OF HYDERABAD 12 TEACHERS HANDBOOK (ICSE POEMS) of que stion-answer is used to bring out the splendour of the traditional bazaars of Hyderabad. The poet has used repetition as well as lyrics full of vibrant and colourful images to describe the scene. (iv) (a) Mirrors with panels of yellow-brown mean the mirrors having frames of brownish and yellow colour.(b) Scabbards of halcyon for the king mean sheaths of cash for the queer to keep his swords in. (v) The King and his nobles are the likely customers of tunics of purple brocade and daggers with handles of jade. (vi) The visual imagery is stimulated by mentioning the various hues of colours in this stanza like silver, crimson, purple, amber and jade. II. (i) Chessmen are the pieces deployed on a chessboard for playing the game of chess. Ivory dice refers to small cubes made of ivory, having six sides numbered by dots from one to six.These are used to play games. (ii) Saffron, lentil, rice, sandalwood, henna and spices are sold byweight, whereas chessmen and ivory dice are sold by num bers. (iii) The sellers of various goods in the bazaars of Hyderabad are referred to as vendors and merchants. The sellers, who go about from place to place with their goods for sale are called the pedlars. (iv) Food items included saffron, lentil and rice.Cosmetic items included sandalwood and henna and the recreational items included chessmen and ivory dice. (v) The senses of mess are stimulated in this extract by the various colours of the items like saffron, lentil, rice, sandalwood, henna and various spices. The sense of taste is produced by the mentionof staple fibre Indian food like lentil and rice and spices. III. (i) The jewellers shop is referred to in the extract. Girdles of gold mean ornamental belt made of gold worn round the waist by the dancers.Scabbards of gold refer to the sheaths of gold for the king to keep his swords in. (ii) The items of gold on sale included ornaments like wristlets, anklets, rings, belts of gold worn by the dancers and sheaths for swords used by the kings. The gold jewellery reveals that both the owners and the buyers belonged to the wealthy sections of the society. 13 (iii) Bells were tied to the feet of blue pigeons as ornaments as wellas identity marks. Sheaths of gold were used by the kings, girdles (belts) were used by dancers and wristlets, anklets and rings were used by other people. (iv)Frail as a dragon-? ys wing means as delicate as the wings of a dragon-? y. Frail is an apt description for describing the delicateness of the bells tied to the feet of blue pigeons. (v) The poet has described the Indian goods at the Indian bazaars for two reasons (a) to depict the splendour of Indian bazaars which beckon the customers with their sounds, scents and goods. (b) to extoll the Indians to buy Swadeshi goods and boycottforeign goods. IV. (i) The fruits included lemons, pomegranates and plums, whereas the musical instruments included sitar, sarangi and drum. (ii)The poet asks the musicians what musical instruments they are playing and asks the magicians what they are chanting. (iii) Spells for aeons to come mean the magical spells used by the magicians to charm everyone till eternity with their chanting. (iv) The whole poem is Indian in circumstance and presentation as it depicts the beauty and vibrance of a traditional Indian bazaar. The landscape, the characters, the images and the background is typically Indian such as(a) the mention of dresses worn by Indians such as turbans and tunics. (b) the gold ornaments worn by Indians like wristlets, anklets, rings and girdles. (c) the musical instruments played by Indians like sitar, sarangi and drums. (d) the food items like lentil and rice and spices and fruits like lemons, pomegranates and plums. (e) the use of fresh ? owers on both happy and sad occasions. (v)The magicians are present in the bazaar for chanting magical spells to charm the customers. (vi) The panoramic weigh of the Indian bazaars presented in the poem with its hues of colour, sou nds, smells and sights has appealedto me the most because it gives a glimpse of the Indian culture, society and prosperity.IN THE BAZAARS OF HYDERABAD 14 TEACHERS HANDBOOK (ICSE POEMS) V. (i) The poet has high freeed the occupation of simple folks in India like the merchants, pedlars, vendors, fruit sellers, goldsmiths, musicians, magicians and ? ower girls. (ii) The ? owers are used on happy occasions like wedding for make garlands for the bridegroom and to decorate his nuptial bed. The ? owers are used on sad occasions such as death to pay the last respects by placing ? owers on the dead bodies or the graves.(iii) Crowns, chaplets and garlands were used for making garlands for the bridegroom and for decorating his nuptial bed. (iv) Tassels of azure and red mean ornamental threads of sky-blue and red colour tied at one end to make garlands and nuptial beds for the bridegroom. (v) To perfume the sleep of the dead mean to place sheets of freshly gathered ? owers on the dead bodies o r on the graves, which give pleasant smell. I. (i) The spend boy was sitting underneath a tree during the war because he was fatally wounded and could not get up. (ii)The spend was sitting calmly because he was fatally injuredduring the war, was thirsty and could not get any help from anybody around. (iii) The pass asked the narrator to come near him because he was thirsty and needed a sip of water. (iv) The contest had been long and hard can be discerned from the deep craters in the earth and the number of dead bodies of the soldiers, which the narrator could see lying all around. (v) In the above extract, the poet wants to convey the horrors of war and the agony of the soldiers, who ? ght it out on the action? eld. II. (i) The narrator has been referred to by the soldier as Sir. He was on the bout? eld at that time.(ii) The soldier, according to the narrator, grind as best he could to hide his pain and excruciation from him. It shows the spirit of a soldier, who gives up h is life for his country, with a smile on his face. 15 (iii) The soldier wanted A sip of water because he was thirsty and fatigued for he had fought a long and tough contend throughout the night and was fatally wounded. (iv) The soldier could not take any rest because he had been ? ghting continuously day and night against the enemy. It tells us about the horrors of war and pain and suffering the soldiers had to endure on the contest?eld. (v) The soldier was having a pain in his chest because of the wound he had sustained during the ? ght on the encounter? eld. Being a true soldier, who considers everything smaller than his duty for his country, the soldier called it as small pain. Further, in compare to the soldiers, who had received larger wounds and had succumbed to their injuries on the battle? eld, his was a small pain. III. (i)The large stain on the soldiers shirt was caused by a wound he received while ? ghting on the battle? eld. (ii) warm blood mixed in with Asian dirt r efers to the blood oozingout from the wounds of the soldier and mixing with the dirt of the Asian nastiness as the war was being fought in Asia. (iii)By saying Not much, the soldier wanted to say that his wound was nothing in comparability to the wounds suffered by his fellow soldiers, who succumbed to their injuries. He said so because he was however alive. (iv) The soldier considered himself more(prenominal) lucky than his fellow soldiers because they died of the injuries sustained during the war, while he was still alive. IV. (i) The soldier was feeling weak and said that his weakness must be due to fatigue. His fatigue was caused by ? ghting day andnight on the battle? eld. (ii)The soldier smiled weakly because he had sustained fatal wounds and was in pain. It shows that though the soldier was in pain, he was trying to hide his suffering in the true spirit of a soldier. (iii) The soldier entangle that he was getting old because he found himself weak and fatigued after battli ng it out on the war reckon. (iv) The soldier felt cold despite the shining sun because the light of his life was fading, i. e. , he was about to die due to the fatal wounds that he had received on the battle? eld. (v) The night exploded means that an explosion took place at night.As a result of the explosion the soldier got fatal wounds on his SMALL imposition IN MY CHEST 16 TEACHERS HANDBOOK (ICSE POEMS) body, whereas a number of his fellow soldiers died because of the injuries sustained during the explosion. V. (i) The narrator described the soldiers smile as the brightest that he has ever seen because the soldier wanted to express his gratitude to the narrator for providing water to him as well as to hide the pain he was enduring. (ii) The soldier was suffering from fatal physical injuries sustained during the explosion at night on the battle ? eld.Due to these injuries he was feeling physically weak and fatigued. (iii) The soldier considered it silly to be defeated by a small pain in his chest because he was a young, healthy man, full of energy and enthusiasm, who could have defeated charge death. (iv) The soldier felt ashamed of himself to think about his wifes reaction when she would see her husband, a strong and grown up man, sitting there defeated. He felt that his incur would never have imagined during his childhood that one day his son would be sitting on the battle? eld, defeated by a small pain in his chest.(v) HERE refers to the battle? eld. The soldier was undergoing a mental pain at the thought of the reaction his wife and mother would have on seeing him sitting defeated on the battle? eld. VI. (i) The soldier felt that it was getting dark earlier than it used to be because the light of his life was fading, as he was slowly losing consciousness because of the fatal injuries sustained on the battle? eld and seeing the darkness all around him. (ii) He refers to the soldier.He winced up at the sun with an expression of pain on his face to ? nd out why was it gettingdark so azoic despite the shining sun. (iii) (a) In the given line, the soldier told the narrator that before he would start his journey further, he would like to take a littler rest. It signi? es the soldiers spirit to continue his duty after taking little rest. It is also symbolic of the ? nal journey, i. e. , death, towards which the soldier was heading. (b)The narrator said I think I must have cried. He said so because he could not recall what was his reaction when the wounded soldier died in front of his eyes. It signi? es that the narrator was petri?ed on seeing the horrifying death of the soldier. (iv) When the narrator pulled the soldier towards himself he felt the wound in his chest and the gravitational attraction of the pain the soldier was enduring. 17 (v)The narrator said that he had a large wound in his heart compared to the small one in the soldiers heart because he was hurt by the suffering of the dead soldier, and felt the guilt on the part of humanity at not being able to give up war and thereby, end the suffering of the soldiers. VII. (i) The expression Asian dirt means Asian soil and this indicates that the war was fought in Asia.The two hardships experienced by the soldier included (a) The physical pain caused by the fatal wounds sustained on the battle? eld. (b) The emotional agony at being lonely and surrounded by dead bodies and the thought of his familys reaction on seeing him defeated. (ii) Despite sustaining fatal injuries during the war, the soldier did not leave the battle? eld because he considered it at his duty to continue the ? ght till the end and die smiling while performing his duty in the true spirit of a soldier. (iii)The phrase a small pain in my chest is a refrain which isrepeated throughout the poem to emphasise the pain and suffering a soldier undergoes on the battle? eld. (iv) Yes, indeed the poem has a poignant ending. It makes the readers(i) feel the agony a soldier endures on the battle? el d and (ii) realise the horrors of war and the need to give up wars for the sake of humanity. (v) Small Pain in My Chest is an anti-war poem that describes the horrors of war and conveys the message to shun aversion and warfare. I. (i) The vocalizer wants to say that all his children, i. e. , his sons are economically well off and his two daughters are happily married.(ii) By saying, Both have cars, the speaker wants to convey that both his sons are well off and have a status in society. It conveys that in Indian society the worth of an individual is measured more by his ? nancial status than anything else. (iii) The other is a reference for the speakers third son. The speaker says that he is not doing so well because in comparison to his THE PROFESSOR 18 TEACHERS HANDBOOK (ICSE POEMS) other two sons, who have managerial jobs and are economically well off, he is not as successful as they are. (iv)By saying, Every family must have black sheep, the speakerintends to say that in every family there is a person, who is different from the rest of the family and is an embarrassment to the family. The speaker considered his third son as the black sheep in his family because he was not as well off as his other two sons. (v)The extract shows that Indians care for economic success more than academic success through the speakers attitude, who measures the success of his two sons by their managerial jobs and the cars they owned. II. (i) Sarala and Tarala are the speakers daughters. The practice of giving rhyming names to the siblings like Sarala and Tarala is shown in this extract.(ii) The speaker says that his two daughters Sarala and Tarala are happily married to nice boys. The speakers gabfest about the marriage of Sarala and Tarala hints at the gender bias prevalent in Indian society, which considers the success of a man by his economic status and a womans by getting married to a nice boy. (iii) By saying, How many issues you have, the speaker wants to enquire from his student about the number of children he has. He is directing this question to his former student. (iv) In reply to his former students remark that he has three children, the speaker says That is good.The speaker considers his student having three children as good. (v) The speaker is not against family planning. The irony in this statement is the fact that though the speaker says that he is not against family planning, yet he feels proud at having eleven grandchildren. (vi) The poem The Professor is a satire on the urban Indian way of life as it satirises (a) the urban Indian society, which measures the success of a man by his economic success rather than his academic excellence. (b) gender bias present in Indian society which believes that woman should be happily married and con? ned within the.

Malaysia Chinese Culture

Malaysias cultural mosaic is marked by umpteen several(predicate) cultures, but several in particular have had especially lasting influence on the country. Chief among these is the ancient Malay culture, and the cultures of Malaysias two most heavy(a) trading partners throughout historythe Chinese, and the Indians. These three groups are joined by a dizzying array of indigenous tribes, many of which live in the forests and coastal areas of Borneo. Although individually(prenominal) of these cultures has vigorously maintained its traditions and community structures, they have also blended together to cr go throughe contemporary Malaysias uniquely diverse heritage.Populated by the three (3) study races found in Asia, Malaysia culture is a melange of Indian, Malay and Chinese influence The Spring Festival is the most important festival for the Chinese sight and is when all family members get together, just like Christmas in the West. All people existing out from home go back, be coming the busiest time for transportation systems of about half a month from the Spring Festival. Airports, railway stations and long-distance bus stations are crowded with home returnees.The Chinese character fu (meaning leniency or happiness) is a must. The character put on paper can be pasted normally or upside down, for in Chinese the change by reversal fu is homophonic with fu comes, both being pronounced as fudaole. Whats more, two big red lanterns can be raised on both sides of the front door. inflammation paper-cuttings can be seen on window glass and brightly colored New social class paintings with auspicious meanings may be put on the wall. vigilant up on New Year, everybody dresses up. First they extend greetings to their parents.Then each child testament get money as a New Year gift, wrapped up in red paper. People in northern China will eat jiaozi, or dumplings, for breakfast, as they think jiaozi in give out means bidding farewell to the old and ushering in t he new. Also, the shape of the dumpling is like gold ingot from ancient China. So people eat them and wish for money and treasure. Burning fireworks was once the most typical custom on the Spring Festival. People thought the spluttering sound could help drive away evil spirits.However, such an activity was completely or partially forbidden in big cities once the government took security, noise and pollution factors into consideration. As a replacement, some buy tapes with firecracker sounds to listen to, some break little balloons to get the sound too, while others buy firecracker handicrafts to hang in the living room. People in different places follow various customs, but all show their love and longing for a better life. Today people will enjoy the full moon and eat moon cakes on that day.The moon looks extremely round, big and bright on the 15th day of each lunar month. People selected the August 15 to celebrate because it is a season when crops and fruits are all ripe and weath er pleasant. On the Mid-Autumn Festival, all family members or friends meet outside, putt food on tables and looking up at the sky while talking about life. How splendid a moment it is There are many legends about the evolution of the festival, the most popular of which is in commemoration of Qu Yuan.People will dragon boat racing, eating zongzi and drinking realgar wine on that day. On Dragon Boat Festival, parents also need to dress their children up with a perfume pouch. They first sew little bags with colorful silk cloth, then fill the bags with perfumes or herbal medicines, and finally string them with silk threads. The perfume pouch will be hung around the neck or tied to the front of a garment as an ornament. They are said to be able to ward off evil. The Qingming Festival sees a combination of sadness and happiness. This is the most important day of sacrifice.Both the Han and minority ethnic groups at this time offer sacrifices to their ancestors and sweep the tombs of th e deceased. Also, they will not cook on this day and only cold food is served. On each Qingming Festival, all cemeteries are crowded with people who came to sweep tombs and offer sacrifices. Traffic on the way to the cemeteries becomes extremely jammed. The customs have been greatly simplified today. later on slightly sweeping the tombs, people offer food, flowers and favorites of the dead, then burn incense and paper money and bow before the memorial tablet.

Increased Prices of Necessary Goods and Inflation Affecting the Poor Working Class People

Research Paper Increased harms of necessary goods and Inflation affecting the forgetful working material body pile. Submitted By Minhazur Rahman Course ENG -105 Abstract Global pabulum footing has shot up in the last years that drive been succeeded by an extraordinary global economical down-turn Rich, mid and deplorable economies be affected largely in terms of erosion of growth, shrunk coronation and lessening of job creation. The global nutrition crises and the economic ecological niche in the major economies befuddle created a complex scenario whereby food legal injury may not stabilize creating erosion of income of the common mass and devising investment more than than costly.This is presenting tremendous ch tout ensembleenge to countries like Bangladesh which is plunged further in economic deprivation and stagnation. The bad impacts of high prices on food stuff is devastating the on the poor producers, wage laborers and consumers in our rural area. These tr ibe are surviving very harshly in these dire situations and are having many difficulties living their bears. This paper is the gist of a look conducted to analyze the impact of price hike everyplace firster working class commonwealth.The Research consists of the Introduction containing Background of the Research, Areas of the Research, Hypothesis, Methodology, Data summary, Findings, and Recommendations. The heading of the inquiry was to identify what are their actual problems these hoi polloi are facing because of price hikes and high swelling. TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction 4 2. Background 5 3. Areas of search 6 4. Hypothesis 6 5. Methodology.. 7 6.Review of literature.. 8 7. Key terms.. 8 8. Limitations 9 9. Primary data show and analysis. 10 10. Recommendation 24 11. Conclusion.. 25 12. Reference.. 26 13. Appendix.. 27 Introduction Since early 2007, Bangladesh has been experiencing a rising dictate of ostentatiousness particularly in food grain at the backdr op of global hike of food grain prices.The rising inflation has become a major threat to sight from all segments of the society. This higher inflationary trend does not bode well with respect to the socio-economic progress, particularly, on the poor and vulnerable groups. quick higher food inflation has made it difficult for the starting time income households to carry on with their daily basic expenditures. According to the World Bank, four million passel live with been pushed below the poverty line due to abnormal rise in food price.An opposite statistics of the World Bank shows that between January 2010 and March 2011, the gross income of the poor decreased by 46. 7 percent mainly due to surge of food items, pushing 3 million households below the poverty line. Even the bumper boro harvest-tide could not save the race from the grip of high inflation. On the other hand, the adverse impact of inflation has created a stumbling block to macroeconomic stability and curtailed the railyard of economic growth, which is necessary to poverty reduction and meeting other development challenges and goals.This research shows what problems the low earning muckle in our country are facing redress now because of the inflation and the increasing food prices. This also shows that what are the foods they are likely to consume and the prices trend of those foods over a termination of years. This shows that how very much the price of necessary foods has gone up rapidly. 1. 1Background Bangladesh is a very populated country and nearly of the stack of our country are below the poverty line so we have lots of people with very pocket-sized income or with no income at all.This sets a problem for the authorities to maintain food prices so that those people fecal matter feed themselves. This is one of the biggest challenges each government of our country has to accomplish but sadly none of them were ever able to defeat it, not and that the prices of everything is depa rture up as there is a global crisis going on. Global crisis is also increasing our inflation rate and because of that the food prices of our country is going up and up. alike the union of food needed to feed the country is increasing thus slots of food have to be bought from outside the country much(prenominal) as India, Vietnam, Ukraine etc.Because of this our imports are acquire higher than export thus we have a bad GDP than almost of the countries in Asia. It is obvious nowadays that the price of everything ranging from essential daily commodities to transportation, educational, checkup and other expenses are increasing. According to the study, as a consequence of the price hike, the majority (97. 7 percent) of people of Dhaka metropolitan city and other parts of the country are facing deep trouble in coping with the situation. In Dhaka city 43. percent of the people think that because of price increase almost everything, they are encountering economic hardship. To help pe ople to overcome this economic crisis Government should come forward and take locomote against this price hike. The low earning people are therefore having problems leading a normal life they are facing tremendous hardships such as they have to buy food that is very low in quality thus they are getting less amount of nutrition, they cannot afford any kind of fruits for themselves or their family even if they can they are not so good.Also they are not able to buy good clothes for themselves or their family and not only these they cant afford education for their children as they already have so little income that they can hardly feed the livelong family. So they are organism stripped from all sorts of happiness a normal human being can have and when asked they say that it is a curse to be born poor as there is very little help from them. 1. 2 AREAS OF RESEARCH In this section, I will discuss about the landing fields of research that I have studied.For working on it comfortably and getting my intended and expected result, I have prepared several headlands, which helped me a lot for working on my survey. The whole questionnaires was ground on the people with low income and there problems. From this questions I found out that people with low income are having difficulties leading there life and hardships they are facing to overcome this problems. This inflation and high prices of foods are forcing them to survive with a very little amount of food and commodities they require.While doing this research my overall analysis was condition that the people with low income are living in terrible conditions. My respondents were local people from where I live that is in Mohammadpur, here different levels of people live from poor to rich it easy to find any category of people you like. So it was not hard for me to go through this interview, my original focus was on the Rickshaw Pullers, Garments Workers, CNG & Taxi Drivers & Security Guards with a variable age di fference with a range of 15 to 50.As most of them were illiterate I had to translate each and every query for them and so were the results of the questionnaires. I interviewed a total of 40 eligible people that fit into my profile and gathered the other required information to complete this research. 1. 3 Hypothesis Majority of the people of our country is this low earning people so high inflation and increases food prices is making their life hard to live. 1. 4 Methodology Primary Source Through Questionnaire Interviews with general people Survey respondents 40 people- targeted segment is general low income earning people with ages between 15 to 50Secondary Source Websites Newspaper archive in web Articles and other reports At the beginning I searched the web for relevant resources and took few ideas for my research and later with that knowledge I developed the questionnaires and conducted the interviews and later started compiling the primary and the indirect data to comple te this research paper. 1. 5 Review of Literature My secondary data includes online article and journals, government report on inflation also some independent research conducted by various NGOs. This research is based on the primary data that I collected using the ideas of those secondary researches.As is this topic is a very vast one and it changes form area to area but the base of the facts remains the same but more sample would have been better to make it a good quality research paper. For the research I utilize data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Bank, and World Bank. From here I used the information about the prices of the foods and other necessary goods. For research I used different journals such as the journal written by Shamsu Uddin Shakib in the European Journal of Business and Management regarding the high inflation of Bangladesh and it causes an affects.Also for the research I used one article Iqbal Ahmed on regarding the Inflationary Trend in Bang ladesh and Impact on High fare Commodity Prices. here the writer has shown how the inflation is affecting all the people of Bangladesh this paper is done with the help of a sponsor from a NGO as it is a national level paper. 1. 6 Key terms Inflation Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. Commodity A commodity is the generic term for any marketable item produced to satisfy wants or needs.GDP Gross Domestic Product is the market rank of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. 1. 7 LIMITATION While preparing this research paper I had faced a itemise of problems. Some of these had very little effect on the paper while other ones caused my research to be limited. The first limitation is I could not do my survey to the whole population for my primary research. I did my primary survey on my area and most of the people did not want to answer the questions. Besid es, I had difficulty finding necessary information in the internet related with my topic.The secondary sources were very limited. in conclusion because of being inexperience I might have not been able to organize all the materials properly. 2 Primary data presentation and analysis For my primary research, I collected data from 30 male and 10 female respondents, aged between15-50 years. I conduct this survey within the married and unmarried people who have similar social positions. The Data Analysis section is an explanation of data gathered from the primary research. My respondents were PART A (Questionnaires) Q1. What is your highest Qualification?When I asked this question I k untried that I was going to get this kind of result with 20 people who are illiterate, 14 people who passed class 5, 4 people who passed class 8, and 1 person SSC and 1 person HSC graduate but still they are earning very low level income. Q2. Want kind of Job do you do? Well it was my prize actually, to get a more accurate result I interviewed 14 rickshaw puller, 10 garments worker, 6 drivers, and 10 shelter guards. Q3. Are you married of not? This question was conducted in order to know the number of family member they have. Q4. What is number of total family members that live in your household? here(predicate) we can see that 13 people has a family of 4 people, but there is 16 people who has 5 people family, and 9 people who has 6 family members and 2 people with a family of 8 or more people. So here we can see a total of 202 people who are depended on maybe one or sometimes 2 bread winners for the family. PART B Q1. What is your total family income? This shows that there is 21 people who are earning less than 4000 Tk, 11 people who are earning less than 6000 Tk, 5 people are earning less than 8000 Tk and just a lucky few among this group of people is earning 8000Tk or more.This shows that how low amount of salary they are getting but still they are doing a very hard work compar ed to middle class people. This shows that how bad the nominate of our countries low earning people. Q2. What is your total family expense? When asked this question many of them were not sure how much to say but after a while they gave me the answers which shows that 23 of the people spend less than 3000 Tk, 10 people 5000 Tk, 6 people 7000 Tk and only one person spends 7000 Tk.When asked why they do not spend all of the bullion they say that most of the time they do have to spend it all but they sometimes are able to save some bills for some other extra use. Q3. How many mos of work do you do each day? As we can see from the above chart that most of the people have to work more than the usual amount of work that should be done by a normal person, because as they have every little knowledge they are required to do multiple jobs sometimes overtimes as a result they tend to work more than the natural working hour which is 8 hours.Q4. What is the total amount of bills you spend on food? This chart shows that these people are spending most of their salary on food, 15 people is spending 1500tk as they have a pretty low income, 13 people spends 3000tk, 7 people spends 4000tk, and only 2 people spends 5000tk. Here it clearly shows that as these people has low income so they are forced to spend less on food and they are spending the most amount of money on the food. The relationship between the number of family members and the amount of money they spend on food.This graph clearly shows that as the number of family members increases the amount of money spent in buying food increases thus making a clear assumption that more number of people will require more food and more money is therefore required to feed a large family, which increases more difficulty of the bread winners and they have to work more hours as shown in previous charts. So one way to reduce this spending can be done by giving birth to less number of kids as a result there will be less amount of mou ths to feed also the population will get lower Q5.What food items do you consume and how much of it? This chart shows the average percentage of food items they consume in order to survive. A total of 40 percent of food out of 100 percentages is rice as rice is the most common staple food of our country. Than the potato it is because it is cheap and it reserves lots of energy and therefore it is eaten a lot, then the other staple foods that the people consume. The food items that they consume are of very low quality and thats why they are available at a cheaper rate. Q6. What are the other areas that you spend your money other than food?This chart shows that after they buy their food the rest of money rather getting the opportunity of saving it, it is required in other places such as the rent, medicine and doctors, clothing and education. These are the general areas that they spend next to the food. Rent is the highest among all of this because the living cost in Dhaka city is incre asing rapidly and to make sure that there is a detonating device above their head they are sometimes willing to pay the rent before they go and buy the food. Even in the slums the rent is getting higher rapidly so much of the income goes into paying the rent after food expenses.Doctors & Medicines Usually this entire people receive a very low class treatment. All of them have to go to the cheap government hospital which has a very well reputation in providing the worst kind of treatments. Also they cannot afford good medications as a result they become sicker and are more prone to catch diseases. If the government made some efforts to at least improve the quality of the hospitals and provide good generic medications at a cheaper rate than they would be able to save some money. ClothingThe people that I researched on are low income people no naturally they have a very low budget for clothing. Most of the times the clothes they wear are given by the people to them as charity or th e wear 2nd hand clothes or clothes which are of very poor quality. Education Education is the most important requirement for a nation to grow but most of the people I interviewed are illiterate or just primary graduate. Also most of the children of these people do not go to school as they have to pay the fees so they dont want to waste their money school. Some of the children go o school but they dropout early to help earn money for the family. The ones that remain they hardly pass the PSC, JSC or SSC exams and starts working. Inflation and Food prices trend of the last 4 years This graph shows the general inflation that is the inflation of everything all over the country and the inflation of the food price over a period of 4 years. It shows that during 2008 and 2009 the general inflation increase 1. 5% more and food price inflation to 2. 8%, this shows that the problem of inflation is not recent but we all were suffering since 2008.But in 2010 there was a small hike in general infl ation and the food price inflation reduced but in 2011 due to some social and political turmoil the food price inflation during shot up more than 2. 8% as a result the price of food increased drastically. This graph shows the price of some common food that everyone consumes but the quality of the products are of low grade as this research is about the low income earning people so is the price of this products but still this is high teeming for these people.As we can see that during the year 2008 there was a price hike in both rice and atta this was because of the global financial crisis, because the amount of rice that is produced in our country is not enough so we import most of our rice from Vietnam and Ukraine and due to the global recession Bangladesh also suffered the impact of recession as result our exports decreased but our imports increased as the population has also increased.Than in later years it stabilized but in 2011 it again hiked because of some political unrest in our country and also there was a breakdown of relationship with the neighboring countries as a result we took a huge hit. But for potato it was not a problem because we produce a lot of potatoes enough to the poor people of our country. 3 Recommendation It is obvious nowadays that the price of everything ranging from essential daily commodities to transportation, educational, medical and other expenses are increasing.To help people to overcome this economic crisis people from all walks of life should come forward and take necessary steps against this price hikes. Following steps should be taken Quick action 1) To control price of commodity deposit rate and lending rate of Banks should control. 2) Provide more importance to agriculture sector. 3) Control Business syndicate as well as stockiest who create artificial crises in market. 4) Provide micro credit rapidness by government. The interest rate of that disbursement should not more than 6%. ) Import duties of fundamental goods ha ve to deduct. 6) Consider corporate tax rate. 7) Established government regulated mega shop. 8) Tax rate of medical instrument & medicine should minimum. Long run Action 1) To remove unemployment problem seek different sources of sector. 2) put on our natural gas directly by government. 3) Growth rate of population control. 4) Indifferent monetary policy provides both public & private sector. 5) boilers suit control of malpractice. 6) Reduction of corruption. Conclusion High inflation is not good for any country it holds a nation back.This inflation does not only harms the low income people but also everyone in the country, this affects everyone this decreases the living standards of people. As I have shown high inflation limits the low income people they all live a very hard life, they buy very less amount of food as they have to pay the rent to live under a roof they constantly need medications as their living conditions are very bad and if they have enough money left they try to buy some new clothes or send their kids to school but many of them are not lucky enough. Most of their income is only enough for just rent and food.Because they already have low income and this high inflation is causing the prices of food and other commodities to increase rapidly as shown earlier, so they have no other choice but to live a very hard life. References 1. Shakib. S. U. ,( 2012) European Journal of Business and Management ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol 4, No. 3, http//www. iiste. org 2. Ahmed, I. (February 2008) Inflation and the Poor in Bangladesh, Policy Analysis Unit, Bangladesh Bank, pdf http//www. bdprices. org/article/jan_11/meu_jan_2011. pdf 3. Ahmed, I. (n. ) Inflationary Trend in Bangladesh and Impact on High Food Commodity Prices. pdf. http//www. bdprices. org/journal/jun_10/meu_jun_2010. pdf 4. Bangladesh Economic Update, (2011). http//www. unnayan. org/reports/meu/june_11/meu_jun_2011. pdf. 5. Consumer Price Indexes, (April 2011). http//www. bbs. gov. bd/home. aspx 6. Engendering Development Through gender Equality in Rights, Resources and Voice, A co publication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press. 2002 7. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2011) Inflation & Price trends http//www. bbs. gov. bd/home. aspx Appendix

Evaluation Of Self Manage Learning Approach Education Essay

There argon many larning methods to take from. One of them best understanding techniques sing grotesque and maestro life exploitation be Self- completed learning attacks and Life-long acquisition attacks ( LLL ) .The followers we are sing the rating connected with Self-managed apprehension.Evaluation of Self-manage larning attackBefore coming into the profession sphere, large number truly should learn the nice extent connected with assurance which frequently retains them inspired for their work. Self-managed apprehension techniques play a large bend in making this self-confidence privileged of. As myopicly as throng recognize what they whitethorn be skilled at, that they start heavy(p) more do on that will sector. SML assist the lag passim calculating out their risible know-how countries and actuate these to variety their mirthful career on it. Diligence originates on the watercourse every kidnapping shortly as an single loves his/her c alling. The existent planned method passim SML AIDSs faculty to be competent to plot their whimsical apprehension utilizing methods and that they besides must(prenominal) concentrate much more on future demands at the. Gary the appliance cat. Most advanced engineering. The existent employees should be satisfactory to confront fluctuations inside concourse at the. Gary the appliance cat. When a fresh new goods and services is really announced. With this method the employees should come to recognize their peculiar duties and they re change of location to put their peculiar attempt much more outstandingly and really good. The existent course of study cost-free method specifies that the employees perform get expertness by the rudimentss and dreams of the coevalss plus the concourse entirely.Undertaking 1.2Wayss to promote womb-to-tomb acquisition of the employeesA ratting in order to we now shit many methods lifelong understanding on the cater passim professional and peculiar life may be support.Let s see to it into a few methods to promote womb-to-tomb understanding on the mental faculty throughout professional lifeThe staff should be inevitable services and conferences to make these persons adapted while utilizing the wholly new devices or engineerings which are on brands usage of by the corporation.The decision makers truly should speak to the staff to measure whenever they are content with their peculiar calling of class, if they may be in your brain organized for it.The plaques goat disco biscuit the college cost to be able to the employees that do nt even hold a making.The staff may be made uncommitted cost-free papers preparations.Let s look into a few methods to promote womb-to-tomb understanding on the staff throughout peculiar lifeThe staff may be given duties to seek and make like a aggregation. They can analyze on adept an early(a) and understand a few truths throughout wholly new attacks.It s the director s calling to maintain the employees motivated on the work. The existent employees may be called or short occupation interviews or single direction utilizing decision makers to be able to excite these persons. Particular apprehension is dependent upon work forces and adult females. It depends on individually and every staff constituents the sum they may understand from carbon monoxide employees or decision makers.Undertaking 1.3Benefits of self-managed acquisitionSLM method could be the best apprehension for just slightly any member of staff to construct up his career like a corporation peculiar individual. On any work industries, assurance are needed to turn up that has a really good standing. Self-managed understanding provides a work force that wills assurance. Simply because by manner of self-managed understanding staff learn mostly off their activities. These people get to cognize what they may be proficient at, whereby they are able to give their full capacity effectivity. It s really of import sing the two members of staff and corporation that the single member of staff is really given duties throughout his/her know-how topographic point. The existent staffs besides need to bask their peculiar calling in the event they want to give their peculiar 100 % enterprises indoors. Via Self-managed understanding staff survey on their peculiar co-workers, their peculiar decision makers. Supervisors act as mentoring employees in this peculiar procedure. These people discuss with the member of staff what they may be sing sing their peculiar duties. The existent staffs in add-on receive possibility to give their peculiar reappraisals sing any wholly new engineerings or ware the organisation has stop proceeding. SML ever additions the two workers plus the corporation. It provides the organisation that has an assured set of workers that know about their peculiar ability. The corporation in add-on extends to acknowledge how efficient his workers may be at different duties.Undertaking 2.1Required accomplishments and competences required for client helpersOne of the purchaser assistants a few expertnesss are indispensable prior to the organisational aims and professional outlooks.Interpersonal colloquy Skill Antic public intercourse proficiency is required. Conversation proficiency is defined as split in to a twosome expertises. There reO Speaking accomplishment A antic communication proficiency is required one of many purchaser helpers to be able to acquire in touch with the clients can engage along with other employees. Most people hold the same chore them to be non able to explicate truth such(prenominal) method that will everybody knows. Buyer Assistants ought to be detailed and apprehensible for your clients.o Listening Skill Jamming proficiency is nt traveling to stipulate merely comprehend what s more, it signifies groking what is being said. Buyer plus truly should hold a really good hearing proficiency. They ought to prevail what the clients can utilize state or bespeaking at the first metaphor.Pull offing Skill Buyer helpers besides choose to manage different state of affairss clip and energy to clip detail. These people should be able to manage those people state of affairss easy and success. That s the ground the humble taking attention of proficiency is required.Adaptability Daily new merchandises and engineerings are now being used at each and every group. Buyer plus truly should can accommodate these persons throughout highly speedy clip period. Oahu is the versatility which frequently specifies the nucleus power on the employees.Undertaking 2.2Possible discipline demands for the same class of workersYou ll happen ever a few countries to develop. The existent workers inside same folk may hold a few development demands. Let s look into the executable development demands for your same category of workers plus the actions forced to practise through these personsIntercommunication Skill The existent intercommunication proficiency between your same category workers may be true. It is really needed for same aggregation staff member to cognize one another to run the occupation motion. They should be really clear with each other.Adaptability Similar category workers truly should accommodate the occupation hypothetical account and motion of each and every extra right off. A same project can affect a figure of workers and moulds. The existent workers on the same aggregation should be cognizant the fact that autos map and should accommodate while utilizing the wholly new engineerings.Committedness The existent workers ought to be dedicated to look at their full capacity that can assist one another at work. For that corporation to develop it is important that the employees are really helpful together.Undertaking 2.3Development chances and the activities required to run into themI have already been touching prank concluding a few times and we ve talked about the development chances sing your ex along with other single employees. M any of us, jointly, are constructing a peculiar development system ( PDP ) sing your ex. They have besides been working at Tesco mark in the community connected with Structure Hamlet like a purchaser plus sing concluding 8 a few months. Via an extended conversation we ve determined from which industries deception believes you ll happen opportunity for your ex to develop. There rePull offing different state of affairs John senses a bed discerning at times every bit shortly as he s got to manage unannounced state of affairss. He senses that they are nt able to confront those people state of affairss. Sometimes the retail merchant director has got to can be found in entryway to pull off those people state of affairss sing your ex. John believes in the event he or she and his co-workers acquire some good much more preparations sing the manner to manage these sort of eldritch state of affairs, that will present the assurance in that individual.Listening Skill The clients are from diff erent path record utilizing different characteristic. John senses at times he s got a tough clip groking what a few clients are bespeaking. He believes he or she involve to execute progressively more listening preparation to be able to different characteristics. The existent SML method may assist at this clip. He believes he can better the hearing proficiency through discoursing with people connected with different characteristic every bit shortly as he could be outside. public lecture Skill John does nt truly gravel any lack connected with pass oning expertness throughout your ex. Although he or she believes in the event he can larn a small power of basic words from extra front-runner languages throughout Liverpool, he can steer the clients can utilize much more. He believes this proficiency may be greater perchance by the group giving them short phrase list to analyze or through themself seeking to larn from the people because geting a few gratifying clip period together every bit shortly as he could be traveling out inside diversion country or sites prefer that.Undertaking 2.4The jobs take into consideration although making the right and professional development scheme is really discovered and discussed down belowFirst job, Just about all single employees should be straightforward utilizing themselves. They have to do clear their peculiar lacking and attempt and work on those people.Identifying the demands plus the aims inside group work sector at the. Gary the appliance cat. Require connected with experient and professional staff, erect throughout markets, beginnings for illustration personal computing machines and so forth. Supervisors from all preserve units truly should steer seeking the aims and explicate these to the employees.Finding out at that cast the extra staffs experience and expertness to run into up with the demands connected with disposal crew. It s really of import to fix Conferences, Classes, and preparations to further better up t he expertness. some other antic job could be the development charge the proportion which the staff are set uping. It could be obtained with development assignments where by different duties and clip period agenda on their behalf may be given. Forces can acknowledge how well they have moved on through sing the complete duties.Finally, the existent staff should be reasonable sing their peculiar given duties. They have to go distinct to run into up with the disposal demands and their peculiar development demands.Undertaking 3.1Procedures and activities required to impose the development programTalking over jointly we and John possess made a list of processs and actions which frequently are necessary to implement the development scheme. There reFinding a mark clip frame It s really of import to be able to get down a clip frame when the execution on the scheme ought to be happening.Measuring the accomplishments, abilities, and cognition One more critical procedure and exercising would be to valuate the expertness, abilities and cognition of single employees merely like John. For case, John is traffic patterned for some type of computing machine absolutely and there s surely one of his co-worker that is non that well really good utilizing computing machine. In the event that every bit are called to seek and make the same project on computing machine their peculiar timeframe to seek and make the occupation are nt traveling to be same.Learning Schemes The existent employees ought to be given duties because aggregation and encouraged to look at SML because their peculiar apprehension method. In this mode they will accommodate the radical apprehension right off.Learning Resources Understanding beginnings may be text editions, instruction paperwork, computing machine and so forth. The staff should be effectual equal brand usage of the beginnings to set up to be able to implement the development scheme.Geting feedbacks Feedbacks are a powerful manner to measure the pr omotion on the member of staff. It s really of import to judge the design and map a spot client study to acquire the effectivity on the staff above the thought.Undertaking 3.2Undertake and papers development activities as plannedThe existent nimble development actions are because stick toTraining the employees The existent staffs are educated utilizing a undertaking dependent work and duly clip frame. With the instruction they have discovered wholly new techniques and utilizing the beginnings they have discovered to be able to accommodate to the radical ideas rapidly.Forming the survey groups The existent staffs are split in to investigate communities. The existent staffs making work in the same sector is in the same aggregation so they can work on their peculiar professional countries jointly.Mentoring and Oversing The existent staff are mentored and administered by the decision makers plus the trade name decision makers. They ve kept really good face for the staff to find their peculiar promotion on their ain so when friends.Consultation Soon after each and every aggregation project is performed the staff receive preaching off their trade name decision makers sing their peculiar effectivity and what they have to execute heighten their peculiar gait and truth.Undertaking 3.3Critically measuring the staff larning against fender purposes and aims set in the development programSelf-managed apprehension, by manner of my personal expression at, provides each staff members a peculiar cognition about what the organisation needs from them. These people get to cognize what this company is really low in for illustration experient workers. Via subscribing to the aggregation direction it assists these persons groking the radical attacks running a concern and so they receive adapt to these persons really easy. Via this technique in add-on, they can analyze on their peculiar co-workers. Therefore, the thought provides these persons the liability to get the hang merely about every 2nd. Additionally they provide the option implement their peculiar ideas speaking about while utilizing the trade name decision makers through the intercession Sessionss. The most good subdivision of this understanding method is really that they do nt hold to research text editions they are able to analyze on persons all over these persons. Therefore, in my expression at Self-managed apprehension is frequently an effectual manner to construct up the staff for his or her peculiar and professional life.Undertaking 3.4Suitability of update the PDPThe existent feedbacks and in-progress rating provided by the decision makers and trade name decision makers ought to be consumed really critically plus the PDP connected with John along with other work forces and adult females ought to be up-to-date on the footing of those people feedbacks and rating. The existent feedbacks and testimonies demonstrate the industries where by John demands to have developed and to boot, there are reappraisals sing his powerful proficiency industries excessively. With the feedbacks, John is really missing is really conversation and versatility. Therefore, right now John is cognizant what he or she needs to work on progressively more. He should heighten his conversation proficiency and expression at acquiring effortless while utilizing the wholly new engineerings. increase the versatility may really good be a tough project sing your ex however he can in add-on have the feedbacks from his trade name director after holding a certain clip period.Therefore, it is rather ideal to be able to update the PDP connected with John based on the feedbacks and in-progress testimonies he s got acquired. He needs to put enterprises to hold better feedbacks when. Will assist you your ex acquiring progressively go through and it will likewise steer your ex acquiring particular offers.Undertaking 4.1Solutions to work-based jobsThrough the PDP I bought a few work dependent troubles for illustrat ion sing a short clip My spouse and I has been sing bored stiff making the government dependant is effectual each twenty-four hours. Therefore, My spouse and I wanted my personal trade name director give us some more answerabilities. This excess some more duties in my calling. I d to be effectual harder. Although my spouse and I have been pleased with the thought sing that the humdrum has been absent from us.The following problem my spouse and I has been traveling through has been pass oning while utilizing the cat people connected with my personal aggregation. The existent people were from different coevals. My spouse and I tried blowing a spot more clip period while utilizing the common people people. Which helped us a whole batch acquiring together with these persons?One more problem I bought has been surely one of my personal aggregation associate has been really hapless utilizing computing machine expertness. Once we were given duties related to computing machine many of us wer e reasoning subsequently. My spouse and I made available your ex to show your ex a few lessons on computing machine proficiency within merely my personal expertness. He lief contracted and within merely a short while he or she developed a whole batch.These are by and large many of the troubles my spouse and I experienced in the class of PDP and my spouse and I could decide these persons at the same clip.Undertaking 4.2There are assorted manners of communicating e.g. verbal, non-verbal, preverbal etc. But in order to pass on with assorted degrees at work I think self-asserting communicating manner is the best 1.The typical Supervisors can acquire in touch with the decision makers by manner of this manner giving wholly new waies and besides showing respect for them. The existent decision makers can supply orders on the purchaser helpers along with other staff throughout aggressive manner.Via this manner the heads on the group can acquire in touch with the lowest most well-thought-of m ember of staff on the group. any individual can larn every clip wholly new ware is traveling to be released. Merely about every employee truly experience their peculiar significance inside corporation. This difficult drives these to work harder.There are many much more communications fluctuations used through the work for illustration mark linguistic communication. Although those people are merely merely through the is effectual. In order to acquire in touch with different phase, I do believe aggressive conversation method is the foremost a individual.Undertaking 4.3Time ManagementOccasion disposal is frequently a tough project. This ought to be done by holding a prepared manner. While I have already been given the responsibility to remain demand on the trade name for your 7 yearss, I ve got to manage my personal work clip period.I ve got to go really economical although picking out my personal transportation clip period. I ve got to direct from the entryway through the busy clip p eriod on the clip. Let me besides have to manage some clip agenda to offer the employees a brilliant economical work displacements to be effectual alongside one another.As I was the trade name director for your 7 yearss, I want to seek the advice of the radical employees to measure right now there effectivity and My spouse and I in add-on truly should blend up the clip period agenda to show these persons a manner to work with more experient and effectual employees.The existent work-loads, my spouse and I should seek to part throughout a smart manner that the experient workers are working for the most hard duties plus the extra workers understand from them.

Exchange Rates Volatility and Risks Essay

thither be a number of factors that could change the value of a currency with respect to another. If the pompousness respect in a country is low with respect to the ostentatiousness charge per unit in other countries, the prices of goods and services in the country with the low inflation lay become attractive for irrelevanters. However, increases in imply for the goods and services in the country with a low inflation rate are expected to prize the value of the countrys currency (Ana, FS 2004). Changes in interest rank tend to have a similar affect on exchange rates. Foreigners would want to invest in countries where the rates of return on investment are high.As the demand for investment in a particular country increases because it enjoys a high interest rate in comparison with other countries the value of its currency is expected to appreciate (Ana, FS). The exchange rates at a apt(p) time are also dependent on differences between the occurrent account balances of coun tries. If a country is running a current account deficit, it loosely means that the country is importing more than it is exporting, so therefore investments in the country whitethorn not be considered lucrative. A country with a current account surplus, on the other hand, is considered attractive for investment.As a matter of fact, the currency of this country is as attractive to foreigners as its products and services. By increasing their demand for the countrys products and services, foreigners are expected to appreciate its currencys value. As its currencys value appreciates, however, investing in the country becomes little affordable (Ana, FS). When a country is experiencing a current deficit, its government may decide to borrow money to finance the self same deficit. Inflation may ensue. Moreover, if the lenders believe that there is a default risk, they may decide to sell off the debt on the open market.In the United States, treasury securities may be used for this reason. I n any case, the selling of the debt on the open market is expected to exert downward pressure on the foreign exchange rate (Ana, FS). Exchange rates are also affected by the political climate of a country at any given time. Political overturn in a country may result in a loss of investor confidence in its currency. Conversely, countries that enjoy relatively stable political climates are able to attract investment and experience appreciations in the values of their currencies (Bergen, JA 2007).Undoubtedly, a firm moldiness be able to manage the different kinds of political risks that it may have to face by investing in a particular country. There are three main types of political risks firm-specific risks, country-specific risks, and global-specific risks. Of the three types of political risks, firm-specific risks complicate the volatility of exchange rates. These risks are expected to affect the multinational enterprise at the corporate and/or project level (Frenkel, M, Karman, A , & Scholtens, B 2004). For this reason, an exchange rate risk or currency risk from the perspective of an American investor is defined as followsThe risk that a business operations or an investments value will be affected by changes in exchange rates. For example, if money must be converted into a different currency to grant a certain investment, changes in the value of the currency relative to the American dollar will affect the total loss or gain on the investment when the money is converted back. This risk usually affects businesses, but it can also affect individual investors who make international investments (Exchange Rate Risk 2007). There are three types of exposure to exchange rate volatility that an investor may have to confront.The firm faces translation exposure when its reported accounting profits must be adjusted as a result of foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Transaction exposure is the result of the firms agreement to admit certain foreign exchange transactio ns during the current period (Bolster, P 2006). As an example, an importer may sign an agreement to purchase a specific meter of goods from commonwealth A and pay a certain amount of money to the country in ninety days. Through this agreement the importer is obligated to pay Country A by purchasing the units of Country As currency in ninety days.Seeing that the exchange rate may change in ninety days, the importer is exposed to currency risk (Bolster, P). Lastly, investors may have to face economic exposure to exchange rate volatility. This type of exposure to exchange rates volatility results from the need of the firm to conduct business activities in another country in future. Bolster, P describes economic exposure as the need for foreign exchange transactions and exposure to exchange rate fluctuations that results from future business activities. The experience of Toyota in the U. S. utomobile market helps to explain this type of exposure to exchange rate volatility. The compa ny had managed to attain a sizeable market share in the United States. But, when the Japanese yen started to appreciate in relation to the U. S. dollar, the revenues of the company dropped importantly (Bolster, P). The good news is that it is possible for investors to manage the political risks, including the firm-specific risks that they may be exposed to. Limiting, diversifying, and hedging are all viable methods of managing political risks (Frenkel, M, Karman, A, & Scholtens, B p. 20).