Blade runner film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Blade runner film analysis - Essay Example This complicated multilayer story about life and death failed at the box office and was ridiculed by the critics. The so-called â€Å"critics† sarcastically mocked the film calling it Blade Crawler for its languid and sluggish narrative. They stated that the film is interesting only visually but the plot development leaves much to be desired (the film advertising positioned it primarily as an action thriller). The film is neither an action nor a thriller even. It’s rather a complex futuristic drama noir in style of the dark, black and white 40s, with the powerful semantic overtones. The theme of artificial intelligence, which was used in the film, is fruitful and relevant to the present day. Philip Dick and Ridley Scott tried to figure out when a robot is no longer just a heartless machine, work tool and becomes a personality with senses and feelings. They make us imagine, trough Roy’s horror and despair, what a man can feel suddenly realizing that he is not a ma n and that he is destined to live some few years and disappear for good. This is not the film when you cross your fingers so that humans can win. Having taken up the creative functions of God, people appeared to be unable to be Him to the end and turned into ordinary executioners. This paper will examine the theme of life and death in Blade Runner, its symbolism, the conflict of humans and machines, the only crime of which is the desire to live. Well, it’s 2019. The world has survived the war, decline, extinction of animals; having overcome all the difficulties it reaches the peak of development: journeys to the stars, colonization of alien worlds, high-tech. People became God-like: with the miracle of genetic engineering they create AI - Nexus-6 replicants, whose potential surpasses human both intellectually and physically. But despite the obvious superiority they have the status of slaves – they are miners, prostitutes, members of dangerous expeditions. The theme of the film is in many ways similar to the theme raised by another immortal work - Frankenstein. That is the idea that a man is responsible for his creation and a creation often turns out to be no worse than a man. Prudent people have limited the life cycle of replicants to 4 years only. It’s kind of okay, but it turns out that replicants can think, love, feel. And of course, as common people, replicants absolutely do not want to die. The theme of life and death is the key theme of the film. If replicants have souls, do they deserve death? What is the meaning of life? Ridley Scott’s brother died of cancer shortly before Ridley started filming Blade Runner. Doubtless, it profoundly shocked the director and became one of the reasons why Blade Runner is so soulful and sad. The film is full of philosophical and biblical allusions. So, Roy Batty (Rutger Hauer) is positioned as a new Christ. He kisses Tyrell, his â€Å"creator†, and then brutally kills him, referring us to the kiss of Judas (it is noteworthy that Tyrell, like Victor Frankenstein, dies at the hands of his own â€Å"monster†). And the scene where Roy pierces his hand with a nail just to keep life for a few minutes is a direct reference to the sufferings of Christ. So, Roy Batty is both Judas and the Lord. He is the overman obsessed with the search for life. At the end of the movie he is unwilling to kill Rick Deckard (Harrison Ford), although he has

Friars dress Essay Example for Free

Friars dress Essay Chaucer pays close attention to the richness of the Friars dress with: lyk a maister or pope, of double worstede was his semycope.. Even so, the Frairs appearance is innocent and pure his nekke whit was as the flour-de-lys. And althoughthis is all that is given of his physical appearance it implies that he is even more dangerous as he is a wolf in sheeps clothing and hence almost devil-like. This imagery is echoed in the monks description: He is intimating, a manly man who is ful fat and in good point, which suggests of his luxury lifestyle. The narrator is obviously intimidated by him saying And I seyed his opinion was good implying that he was afraid to oppose him and therefore indicating that the monk appears to be a man capable of standing up for himself to quite an extent, hence silencing others, who dont want to test this capability! The image of an aggressive and imposing figure does not go hand in hand with that of a monk. Indeed, the narrator states ; his eyen stepe, and rollinge in his head, that stemed as a forney of a leed. This imagery also suggests a devil-like connotation that is clearly hyperbole, but must have had a great effect on the narrator for him to use it. The sense of the varied Medevil society in trios vocation is only suble, i.e. the first stays in a convent, anther preaches about God and the last one can take confession. But where the sense of variet is more evident is in the fact that the extent to which they mix up, or rather become confused between their duty to god and their love of the more material world and its pleasures. Here the main contrast between the characters is the strength of criticism. I.e. The prioress only receives slight criticisms of minor faults but on the whole it is delivered with affection and used to poke fun at her. But the portrait of the Friar presents us with a cynically ironic view on the way that the smarmy, sly and selfish villain works. Also, the trios priorites for God become less pronounced as we move down the list of portraits. The prioress seems to think of herself as a courtly romantic saviour, but it is presented as a cute little nuance, and the monk who would rather be having fun than doing boring jobs that will turn him wood. But the reader feels that it is understandable and rather a humane reaction. But the Friar is positively working against God and defeating society.

different sides of war Essay -- essays research papers

Whether war is our only option to resolving problems in the world or not, there are many reasons why war is equally futile and heroic. All through history, men have been making amends and settling issues through acts of war. This is especially shown true in a book titled The Iliad. Throughout the epic, men of supernatural strength and intelligence prove themselves by battling their enemies. The victors of these battles were thought of as both heroic and brave. On the other hand the casualties of these wars have proven that war really was futile. In either case, one side will always come out victorious and the other equals death. So, is there any cause for war if the ultimate ending is bloodshed and death or should it be savored for it’s historical meaning?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In...

Management and Planning

Tyco Company is a multinational group of companies that are destined to providing manufacturing services based on telecommunications as well as electronics.   It also provides services on security and healthcare.   The corporation of Tyco Electronics has experienced quite a rapid growth for the past few years, and it is today ranked as the world’s largest manufacturer of components. Management planning is a broad concept that ideally entails definition of the process of engaging all the resources and stakeholders of a particular business enterprise in order to accomplish the set goals of the business, which include success and long-term prosperity.   Planning is very crucial to management because having a plan on how all the business resources are managed is the first step to success of the business. Tyco Company has exercised a very high degree of planning for its management.   Planning has enabled the company to wisely and economically manage its process assets.   These assets include the stipulated standards as well as policies that govern the Tyco Company.   These process assets that have been well managed through proper planning within the Tyco Company are risk categories, whereby risk management planning has been emphasized roles as well as responsibilities of each member of the company that is the workforce, the management team and the stakeholders, and finally processes of decision making within the company. Tyco Company has also been able to plan for managing the company’s environmental factors.   These factors disclose tolerance that whole company organization and the stakeholders’ experience.   Understanding of these factors have enabled the whole Tyco Company organization and the stakeholders to be satisfied with decisions that reward the level as well as the density of risk management that is applied in the company.   Budgeting is also very important in any organization.   Therefore planning on how to manage budgeting has been a key issue in Tyco Company and this has contributed to even distribution of resources within the different branches of the company organizations.   Planning has also ensured that such overlooked issues in many companies such as risk management are considered and budgeted for. Time is always a constraint and time management is a very important aspect that should be stressed on by every organization that seeks to succeed.   Tyco Company has a well plan for time management, something that has ensured coherence among the various companies’ departments (Drucker,Harper & Row,1954).Planning for time management has also helped Tyco Company in fast manufacture, and supply of its products such electronics in time and as well, time service provision. This has highly boosted the company’s credibility and reliability, while at the same time rising to the higher levels of success. There are legal issues that arise within the Tyco Company. The fact that Tyco Company is a multinational Company means that it has several business operations in different states of countries. Each country is bound to have a different scale for tax payment.  Ã‚   In some countries, therefore, Tyco Company meets a lot of expenses through tax payment and this affects planning for budgeting management.   Planning is hence affected on the basis of budgeting due to this legal issue. Ethics deals with good relations towards others or the moral standards that are expected in the society.   Tyco Company has been able to maintain high ethical practices by understanding that, ethics as far as a business is concerned, begins right from the top.   The top managers in the Tyco Company therefore have been able to observe high critical standards hence setting a good example for the employees at the lower level to emulate.   This has enhanced management planning through establishment of a strong relationship and trust among the company’s staff, and the entire society. Drucker, Harper & Row, 1954). The company also exercised quite high social responsibility standards. It identifies and work s towards mentioning its customers through establishing good employee customer relations.   This has affected the management planning for Tyco Company since the company’s reliability is heightened and the customers are assures for the companies time management. Tyco Company has also laid down strategic contingency, operational as well as tactical plans.   Strategic planning is a process though which a company’s goal that are long term are determined at also involves identification of the most appropriate approach though which these goals can be achieved. Contingency planning involves putting into place long-term measures that are aimed at responding to any unlikely disaster that is bound to occur.   It involves planning for the unexpected. Operational planning involves all the activities that are short term and are geared to operating together towards success of the company while tactical planning involves planning for immediate future. All these plans are influence by various factors in any company.   In Tyco Company, lack of adequate resources such as funds and time has entirely affected perfect strategic, contingence, operational and tactical planning.   Most of the funds and available time is committed to expanding the business networks and technology as well as providing in service training to the companies workforce. (Thompson & Sheldon, 2003). Lack of qualified personnel who can deliver reliable plans has been another factor that has influenced the company’s strategic, tactical, operational and contingency planning.   This has led to increased chances of for instance, future risks since there are no firm laid grounds for risk management plans.   Unqualified personnel have also led to a problem of not documenting all the research and activities that the plans establish. This planning is also influenced by credibility which is created by representative participation, clear documentation as well as adhering to the rules of achieving the complete process. References. Drucker P. F. Harper & Row. (1954).The Practice of Management.

Characteristics of a Good Friend Essay

The characteristics of a good friend to me is truthfulness , dependability and loyalty. I am going to give details on specific ways of being a good friend that benefit me. I plan to describe my opinions toward block style writing to give you further understanding about my beliefs as a good friend. Basic thoughts about being dependable , loyal , and trustworthy. A good friend is someone who is truthful to me , a person who never lies to me , about anything , whether it be good or bad. A good friend is someone who’s there for you when you going through problems. This is someone who will have your back through good or bad times. This person will be there when you need a helping hand. A good friend never back stab a true friend. This is someone who does not sugarcoat the message that he or she is delivering to me. This person is well brought up in a church and stable environment. As being a true friend he or she can be around my husband and never have to worry about them flirting or making a move towards him , or backstabbing. Someone who , when I ask a question, I need information about something, he or she gives me the real deal. Dependability is a major factor in my characteristics of a good friend. Why is it? Because this person is always there when I need them. I can feel comfortable knowing that when I need this person he or she will try their best to come through for me. Also, he or she is a team player, meaning that one knows when you are in the clutch and can call on them to help you. Then if they cannot help you at that particular time , they will not lie to you or mislead you in the wrong direction. Finally, this person has longevity track record with you. This particular person has been friends with you for a long time. This is someone you have confidence in. Loyalty fits perfectly with my characteristics of a good friend. Telling the truth by far , is one of the most honorable things that I look for in a friend. Being loyal is not about bowing down , but it is a respect that they and I share and understand. Loyalty is like having someone that you feel as though you can express your true feelings with. This type of person you can share secrets with. A friend is someone who loves you , not sexually , but in a friendly way. This individual has never broken the code. This special friend you have known for a very long time. Being loyal to me starts within yourself. A good friend who is loyal will never lie , or deceive you. Not to say that tis person is perfect , but they know the do’s and don’ts in the relationship. Being trustworthy lets me know ; who is for me and who is not for me. Being dependable , when I need this person he or she lets me know that I can trust this person. Also this person is loyal and you never has to worry about. It is a good thing to have someone who meets your expectations. Furthermore , when you sow good seeds , you shall reap good friends as well. This means that a friendship is beautiful , is honest , it is impeccable. A friendship sort of like having Jesus Christ in your life. ‘’He is my best friend.’’

Free Essays on Art History

There were many difficulties and challenges dealt with in the seventeenth century, some which have many similarities to difficulties and challenges in today’s society. During the 17th Century; also known as the Baroque Period, many investigations and discoveries formed and changed the way society viewed the world. For example 2 philosophers of this time, and Rene Descartes’ established a â€Å"new scientific method of studying the world by insisting on scrupulous objectivity and logical reasoning.† Many scientists of the same time period agreed with their discoveries claiming that these philosophers â€Å"simply amplified human understanding of creation.† Although some viewed this as a glorious discovery there were also difficulties and challenges to still be faced. Many people of this time had trouble accepting new ideas and discoveries especially those who were highly religious. The church and many church authorities were not accepting of this disc overy and strongly disagree with these findings. In today’s society many discoveries and ideas are presented and rejected due to the churches rigid beliefs and beliefs of nonconformist. Abortion and abstinence is still a controversial topic today and not thoroughly accepted. Galileo an astronomer, mathematical and physicist discovered the telescope, which lead to the confirmation of the Copernican theory. This theory was previously banned by the church from being taught which Galileo was put under house arrest for and soon after sentenced to death by the church. Although people may believe that being sentenced to death by the church does not occur these days, recently in Africa a woman was sentenced to death for adultery because it is illegal by Muslim society still faces the same challenges and difficulties because people cannot accept new ideas and beliefs. The Role of Art in Contemporary Society has taken on a historical meaning. When people these days visit a well... Free Essays on Art History Free Essays on Art History There were many difficulties and challenges dealt with in the seventeenth century, some which have many similarities to difficulties and challenges in today’s society. During the 17th Century; also known as the Baroque Period, many investigations and discoveries formed and changed the way society viewed the world. For example 2 philosophers of this time, and Rene Descartes’ established a â€Å"new scientific method of studying the world by insisting on scrupulous objectivity and logical reasoning.† Many scientists of the same time period agreed with their discoveries claiming that these philosophers â€Å"simply amplified human understanding of creation.† Although some viewed this as a glorious discovery there were also difficulties and challenges to still be faced. Many people of this time had trouble accepting new ideas and discoveries especially those who were highly religious. The church and many church authorities were not accepting of this disc overy and strongly disagree with these findings. In today’s society many discoveries and ideas are presented and rejected due to the churches rigid beliefs and beliefs of nonconformist. Abortion and abstinence is still a controversial topic today and not thoroughly accepted. Galileo an astronomer, mathematical and physicist discovered the telescope, which lead to the confirmation of the Copernican theory. This theory was previously banned by the church from being taught which Galileo was put under house arrest for and soon after sentenced to death by the church. Although people may believe that being sentenced to death by the church does not occur these days, recently in Africa a woman was sentenced to death for adultery because it is illegal by Muslim society still faces the same challenges and difficulties because people cannot accept new ideas and beliefs. The Role of Art in Contemporary Society has taken on a historical meaning. When people these days visit a well... Free Essays on Art History 1. Define the thematic and stylistic principles of Neoclassicism. How did Enlightenment thinking affect these principles? Cite specific examples by discussing the works of at least three Neoclassical painters, and one Neoclassical architect. Neoclassicism was born into the Age of Reason, where rationality and virtue were venerated over emotion and tradition. This style of art meant a return to the ancients, â€Å"a revival of classical antiquity† (p. 412). Because of this reasoning behind the art of this time, Enlightenment thinking understandably relates to Neoclassicism. Many of the philosophers during this time, including Voltaire and Hume, believed that authority ought not have any part in the ruling of human affairs. These contemporary thinkers considered reason and the common good as what should rule, and opposed what was then the established Rococo. A masterpiece of virtue could be seen in Jean-Baptiste Greuze’s painting The Village Bride. This painting, in what appears to be a genre scene, perpetuates the high caliber and honesty the Enlightenment thinkers valued. But what separates this painting from earlier genre scenes is its dramatic intention. This painting depicts lower-class family life as honorable, significant, and is ultimately more appreciated than is the frivolous pleasures supplied by the Rococo (p. 414). Another very powerful artist of Neoclassicism was Jacques-Louis David. In his beautiful painting The Death of Socrates, he invites the viewers into a lost utopia of ancient philosophers and stoic mentalities. This piece obviously parallels the death of the philosopher Socrates with the death of Jesus. It shows Socrates about to drink his poison, but instead of being frightened, he is shown as composed and as a symbol of righteousness. The figures are severe and statuesque, reflecting rationality and patriotism. This painting provides onlookers with the Enlightenment values and attitudes. The D...

Social Security Essay Example

Social Security Essay Example Social Security Essay Social Security Essay In 1935, along with Social Security, the Federal Government set up the Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program (AFDC). This program gave money to the state to help poor families with basic necessities. Over time many thought this program was creating an underclass of poor and giving negative incentives to work among the poor. In 1990s this program became a political football and it was replaced in 1996 with another, slightly different one. The program, Temporary Assistance for the Needy Families (TANF) took the form of a block grant to the states to help them deal with poverty. Important Moral interest in any policies is the claim that one can never place a price on a human life; and that we all should address everybody’s needs and welfare. And everyone has the right to be entitled of these benefits. In recognition of these important moral interests, society has an obligation to place considerable value on human life, to set up a system of justice that serves well as many individuals as possible, and to provide as wide an array of social opportunities as possible to allow individual persons to maximize self ­ realization. Yet it is unrealistic to elevate these important moral interests to the highest level of social obligation- ­that is, to basic principles of social policy.

Biography of Daniel Ellsberg

Biography of Daniel Ellsberg Daniel Ellsberg is a former analyst for the U.S. military and Vietnam War opponent. His name became synonymous with the importance of the press freedoms granted by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution after he leaked a secret report on the Vietnam War  known as the Pentagon Papers  to journalists. Ellsbergs work as a whistleblower helped exposed the failure of the governments war strategies in The New York Times, The Washington Post and more than a dozen other newspapers, and has been dramatized by Hollywood in movies such as The Post, The Pentagon Papers and The Most Dangerous Man in America. Legacy and Impact Ellsbergs leak of the Pentagon Papers helped to solidify the publics opposition to the Vietnam War and turn members of Congress against the conflict. The publication of the documents by The New York Times, The Washington Post and other newspapers helped bring about the most important legal decision in defense of press freedom in American history. When President Richard M. Nixons administration sought to prevent The Times from reporting on the Pentagon Papers, the newspaper fought back. The U.S. Supreme Court later determined that the newspapers were acting in the public interest and restricted the governments use of prior restraint to censor stories before publication. Wrote Supreme Courts majority: â€Å"Only a free and unrestrained press can effectively expose deception in government. ...  In revealing the workings of government that led to the Vietnam War, the newspapers nobly did that which the Founders hoped and trusted they would do. Ruling on the governors claim that publication would threaten national security, the court stated: â€Å"The word ‘security’ is a broad, vague generality whose contours should not be invoked to abrogate the fundamental law embodied in the First Amendment.† Journalist and Author Ellsberg is the author of three books, including a 2002 memoir of his work to expose the Pentagon Papers called Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. He has also written about Americas nuclear program in a 2017 book, The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner,  and published essays about the Vietnam War in the 1971 book Papers on the War. Portrayal in Pop Culture Numerous books and movies have been written and produced about Ellsbergs role in leaking the Pentagon Papers to the press and the legal battle over their publication. Ellsberg was played by Matthew Rhys in the 2017 movie The Post.  The film also featured Meryl Streep as Katherine Graham, the publisher of The Washington Post, and Tom Hanks as newspaper editor Ben Bradlee. Ellsberg was played by James Spader in the 2003 movie The Pentagon Papers. He also appeared in a 2009 documentary, The Most Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers. The Pentagon Papers has also been the subject of numerous books, including New York Times reporter Neil Sheehans The Pentagon Papers: The Secret History of the Vietnam War, published in 2017; and Grahams  The Pentagon Papers: Making History at the Washington Post. Studied Economics at Harvard Ellsberg earned a bachelors degree in economics from Harvard University in 1952 and a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard in 1962. He also studied in the King’s College at  Cambridge University. Career Timeline Ellsberg served in the Marine Corps before working for the RAND Corp., a research and analysis nonprofit based in Arlington, Virginia, and the U.S. Department of Defense, where he helped with the production of a report on how top U.S. officials made decisions on the countrys involvement in the Vietnam Way between 1945 and 1968. The 7,000 page report, which became known as the Pentagon Papers, revealed, among other things, that the administration of President Lyndon Johnson had systematically lied, not only to the public but also to Congress, about a subject of transcendent national interest and significance. Heres a timeline of  Ellbergs military and professional career. 1954 to 1957: Ellsberg serves as a  rifle platoon leader, operations officer, and rifle company commander in the U.S. Marine Corps.1957 to 1959: Ellsberg continues his studies as a junior fellow in the Harvard University Society of Fellows, an elite program designed to allow promising young students a chance to pursue their scholarships.1959: Ellsberg takes a position as a strategic analyst at RAND Corp. He would later write that he accepted the position under the delusion ... that a missile gap favoring the Soviets made the problem of deterring a Soviet surprise attack the overriding challenge to U.S. and world security. He worked as a consultant  to the Commander-in-Chief Pacific, or CINCPAC.1961 to 1964: As a RAND Corp. employee, Ellsberg worked as a consultant to the departments of Defense and State and to the White House. He specialized in nuclear weapons, nuclear war plans, and crisis decision-making.1964: Ellsberg joins the Department of Defense and works for  John T. Mc Naughton, the assistant secretary of Defense for international security affairs. In this role Ellsberg is asked to study decision-making on the Vietnam War. 1964 and 1965:  Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara ordered  McNaughton and Ellsberg to work on secret plans to escalate the Vietnam War.  The plans were carried out in the spring of 1965.1965 to 1967: Ellsberg transfers to the Department of State and serves in Vietnam. He is based at the  embassy in Saigon. He contracted hepatitis and left Vietnam in June 1967.1967: Ellsberg returns to work for RAND Corp. and begins work on U.S. Decision-Making in Vietnam, 1945-68, the  document that would later become known as the Pentagon Papers.1968 and 1969: Ellsberg serves as a consultant to  Henry Kissinger, the national security assistant to President-elect Richard Nixon. He helps draft Nixons  presentation to the National Security Council on the Vietnam War.1969: Ellsberg, frustrated by what he described as a continuous record of governmental deception and fatally unwise decision-making, cloaked by secrecy, under four presidents, learns that Nixon is preparing to escalate the nations involved in the Vietnam War. Wrote Ellsberg years later: The history in the Pentagon Papers offered no promise of changing this pattern from within the bureaucracy. Only a better informed Congress and public might act to avert indefinite prolongation and further escalation of the war. He begins to make photocopies of the secret 7,000 page study. 1971: Ellsberg leaks most of the report to The New York Times because Congress declined to set hearings on the study. When the attorney general and president moved to block the newspapers publication of further reports on the Pentagon Papers, Ellsburg leaks copies to The Washington Post and 19 other newspapers. The Supreme Court later voided the injunction. But later that year, Ellsberg was indicted on 12 criminal charges related to his leak of the top-secret document. The charges included conspiracy, theft of  government property, and violation of espionage statutes.1973: The judge in Ellsbergs trial dismissed all the charges against Ellsberg, citing  improper government conduct shielded so long from public view.  The judge declared a mistrial, stating that the governments action in this case offended a sense of justice.1975:  The Vietnam War ends. Ellsberg begins a career as a lecturer, writer, and activist on what he describes as the dangers of the nuclear era, wrongful U. S. interventions and the urgent need for patriotic whistleblowing. Personal Life Ellsberg was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1931 and was raised in Detroit, Michigan. He is married and lives in Kensington, California. He and his wife have three grown children. Important Quotes â€Å"Then it was as though an ax had split my head, and my heart broke open. But what had really happened was that my life had split in two.† -   Ellsberg on hearing a speech by a Vietnam War resister who was about to be jailed and his decision to leak the top-secret Pentagon Papers.Thats a heavy burden to bear. I share it with a thousand others who had that kind of access.  - Ellsberg on his belief that had he leaked the information sooner, Congress would not have supported an expansion of the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.Had I or one of the scores of other officials who had the same high-level information acted then on our oath of office - which was not an oath to obey the president, nor to keep the secret that he was violating his own sworn obligations, but solely an oath to support and defend the constitution of the United States - that terrible war might well have been averted altogether. But to hope to have that effect, we would have needed to disclose the documents when they were current, before the escalation - not five or seven, or even two, years after the fateful commitments had been made.  - Ellsberg  on his belief that had he leaked the information sooner, Congress would not have supported an expansion of the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Without young men going to prison for nonviolent protests against the draft, men that I met on their way to prison, no Pentagon Papers. It wouldnt have occurred to me simply to do something that would put myself in prison for the rest of my life, as I assumed that would do.  - Ellsberg on his decision to risk going to prison for leaking the Pentagon Papers.A lesson to be drawn from reading the Pentagon Papers, knowing all that followed or has come out in the years since, is this. To those in the Pentagon, state department, the White House, CIA (and their counterparts in Britain and other Nato countries) who have similar access to mine then and foreknowledge of disastrous escalations in our wars in the Middle East, I would say: Dont make my mistake. Dont do what I did. Dont wait until a new war has started in Iran, until more bombs have fallen in Afghanistan, in Pakistan, Libya,  Iraq, or Yemen. Dont wait until thousands more have died, before you go to the press and to Congress to tell the truth  with documents  that reveal lies or crimes or internal projections of costs and dangers. Dont wait 40 years for it to be declassified, or seven years as I did for you or someone else to leak it.  - Ellsberg on the importance of whistleblowers to democracy. The personal risks are great. But a wars worth of lives might be saved.  - Ellsberg on the important of transparency in government.I am a patriot, and that has never changed. - Ellsberg responding to a question from National Public Radio about his patriotism and belief in the strength of the United States. References and Recommended Reading Biography  -   Daniel Ellsberg: Scholar, Anti-War Activist, Government Official, JournalistNational Public Radio  - Daniel Ellsberg Explains Why He Leaked The Pentagon PapersEllsberg.net  - Bio of Daniel Ellsberg  | Extended Bio of Daniel Ellsberg

EMPLOYMENT NON-DISCRIMINATION ACT Research Paper

EMPLOYMENT NON-DISCRIMINATION ACT - Research Paper Example In 2009, after the Democrats came into power with a majority, House Representative Barney Frank, has reintroduced the ENDA that includes only the transgender class. With the recent changes in the Congress, the ENDA bill has gained new momentum, especially with the backing of President Barack Obama (The White House, Civil Rights- Strengthen Anti-Discrimination Laws, 2010), there are every prospects for the bill being passed within the present President’s term and becoming a law. Discussion What is this policy? The Employment Non Discrimination Act (ENDA) is a federal bill that aims to stop all forms of bias or discrimination based on the sexual orientation of the employees, by the employer. The LGBT community in US has been demanding workplace protection right from the 1970s; however, it is only recently that the bill that accords protection to the LGBT sections has been presented in the Senate. Though the ENDA bill was presented in the Congress in 2009, it is still pending and is under scrutiny by the House Education and Labour Committee. What does it purport to accomplish and why has it been proposed? This bill â€Å"promotes the goal of embracing diversity in the workplace.   Proponents also argue that sexual orientation is protected under the U.S. Constitution's guarantees of equal protection and due process.   Without a federal statute, victims of discrimination are subject to a patchwork of state law protections that provide uneven and often insufficient protection, hence the need for a national standard in the form of ENDA† (Aden, The  Employment Non-Discrimination Act, 2010). The advocates of this bill opine that homosexuality is a form of an individual’s personal identity, and not a â€Å"choice,† so the working people have a right to be judged according to their work performance, and not by their personal identities (American Psychological Association, 2011).   The APA in its various researches has reported that ther e exists significant bias against homosexuals within the U.S. workforce (ibid), thus making it necessary that a uniform law is made that would cover the entire country. The political actors supporting this bill are the Democrats, and the current US President in the White House, Barack Obama, is a staunch supporter of the cause and the bill. The opponents of this bill (the Conservatives, and religious groups), and various critics contend that ‘antidiscrimination laws’ like the ENDA tend to promote  a lack of tolerance  that are based on religious faith. Thus, it has been proposed that if such acts do not have any associated meaningful exceptions, specially made keeping in mind the different religious organizations and employers (with organisations that are faith based), that may have objections towards homosexuality from a religious point of view, then the passing act would have a negative effect. â€Å"Without strong exemptions, religious organizations will be requ ired, as a condition of seeking workers to carry out their faith-based missions, to affirm conduct that is in diametric opposition to the moral principles of their faith† (ibid).   The opponents of this act contend that this bill is different from other ‘

Financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial management - Essay Example This is different from For-Profit organizations that source their funds from shareholders who are the real owners of these organizations. Organizational structure of NGO’s and For-Profit are a bit similar in the sense that both set of organizations are managed by boards of directors. Financial management entails the processes of budgeting, Taxation and corporate governance. NGO’s typically have financial budgets prepared over the period of the activities they are undertaking. On the other hand, For-Profit organizations have their financial budgets prepared for a period of one financial year. Governments levy taxes on all organizations for the purpose of implementing public project or service provision but with the exemption of NGO’s. According to Brigham (2010, 65), the main difference between NGO’s and For-Profit organizations is the objectives and goals of these organizations. NGO’s are set up to provide charitable goods or services to people with out need of making a profit. This major differentiating factor is the reason behind the differences in financial management practices between these organizations. Corporate governance is important in implementing integrity and management of organizational strategies. NGO’s are not particular in enforcing prudent corporate governance practices compared to For-Profit organizations. ... NGO’s are organizations which are not set out to make profits but instead they are meant to provide a service. This is opposed to profitable organizations which are meant to make profits. Organizational Structure The organizational structure of NGO’s is different from that of a profitable organization in that NGO’s are mandated to offer services compared to profit organizations which are meant to make profits. NGO’s are registered or mandated either by governments or special bodies to undertake projects or service delivery to different people. The major difference between NGO’s and profit organizations stems in the ownership structure of the two bodies. NGO’s are owned or operated by a board of directors or a steering committee in some cases; this board of directors is responsible for drawing up the financial strategies for the organization. The board of directors of an NGO are responsible for sourcing funds for the organization through diffe rent ways (Brigham 94). In some instances, some NGO’s have adopted the structure of a private company and used this structure to manage their financial operations. Most NGO’s source their funds from governments, churches and donations this is because these organizations act as governments and they only use their funds for capacity building. This is in contrast to profitable companies whereby ownership of these organizations belongs to some individuals. Profitable companies are owned by people known as shareholders; shareholders are responsible for funding the organization to undertake the goals and objectives of these organizations. Public owned organizations are profit organizations which comprise of a many owners in a company

Introduction to Marketing Business Report Essay

Introduction to Marketing Business Report - Essay Example It is basically collection of data by conducting market surveys, questionnaire, focus group interviews and telephonic interviews. Sampling techniques and statistical tools will be a prerequisite for Abercrombie and Fitch. Secondary data is basically library research, wherein data already present is used for references and analysis. It includes company reports, annual reports, articles, government reports etc. These are readily available and come in handy during research. a) Abercrombie and Fitch fall in the category of apparels and accessories. It is a lifestyle and retail catering sector for men, women and kids in the age group of 14-22. The audience from this category looks for a comfortable and casual clothing line which is trendy and stylish and at the same time flaunts a luxurious lifestyle (Plunkett, 2008). The consumer buying decision process is essentially the stages a consumer goes through while making choices regarding which products and services to buy and use (Ferrell and Hartline, 2010; Dibb and Simkin, 2008).There are five steps in the identification process of consumer purchase behaviour (Rohan Academic Computing, 2011). The marketing research done above will help in evaluating the buying process of the customers targeted by Abercrombie and Fitch. For repeat purchasers, the experience with the brand will decide their choice of sticking to the brand or looking for something new. For first time buyers, marketing of the brand such as website, promotional activities, advertising will decide how much time and effort the consumer is going to put in that particular brand. The consumer will look into what other brands are offering. The style, latest trends, design, availability, discounts and sale offers are few of the factors which will influence the decision process heavily. Once the consumer has decided to buy Abercrombie and Fitch brand, this decision can be influenced by conditions such as store

Summary Assignment-See Instruction Please Assignment

Summary -See Instruction Please - Assignment Example In my opinion, cultural pluralism has brought more good than bad to all. It creates uniqueness in most areas. Most of the minor cultures, tend to live in the same areas and cities. This way, cities are diversified. Different cities are known for different kinds of things and the environment changes per city due to the difference in cultures of people. Food for example diversifies cultures as different groups eat different kinds of things. The culture to where people belong, for example Hindu, Mexicans, African American, identifies them with the kind of food they prefer eating and their origin. This kind of variety is beneficial to the states. This way, different food places and restaurants serve foods according to culture. Politically, the diversity in culture has enabled the representation of all minorities in the government. Representation of all minorities is vital as it ensures none of the citizens are left out due to their culture or beliefs(Jucan 2010). This is important as the government thus includes the ideas of many into consideration and creates a wide range of options in decision making. In the congress for example, the representation of all cultural groups ensures that all people and their ideas are aired and looked into by the state. This way, the country has peace and harmony as all groups and their cultures are well represented politically. Pluralism has created so many types of representation in arts. The kinds of music found and originating from America are impeccable. Different groups have different kinds of music in a wide range of languages. This is beneficial as it creates a uniqueness in the artistic world of the whole state. This way, artists and musicians can present themselves to the world with respect to their culture. The existence of pluralism is thus important as it creates identity for all, in the artistic world. Religion is a sensitive part of everyone’s lives. It identifies people

Interest and goal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interest and goal - Essay Example Other general job requirements of aviation management are similar to general management. As an aviation management I will need to establish communication with both junior level and senior level staff as I will be responsible for the supervision of overall functioning of the airport. I will also need to plan and organize different job levels. As an aviation manager I will also be responsible for decision making and financial budgeting, and looking after the health and safety of all employees. Initially, when I had completed my school and was about to join college I was not sure about my future career. I joined college with the goal of becoming electronics engineer since I was quite proficient in mathematics and physics. Although I had great interest in aviation industry I was not sure whether there were enough opportunities in the field of aeronautics. As I was studying electronics, my interest gradually shifted to aircrafts and aviation management. I began to take time off for subscribing to and reading journals and magazines on aviation industry, flight management and airport activities. Management as profession is very common in my family. My father, my brother and also most of my cousins are in this profession. There is lot of potential in this profession along with lucrative salary. Even as a kid I was interested in making different kind of airplane models with paper and my room was always littered with paper models. I used to be fascinated by sci-fi movies based on space and travel. My favorite move is the 1977 American movie Star Wars which tells the story of freedom fighters who plot and successfully destroy a space station which had the capability of destroying the earth. My interest struck on aeronautics since it is all about aircrafts to cars and ships, and includes designing and maintenance of the same. However, when the time came to choose my profession, my focus shifted more to the management aspect rather than the technical aspect. As an

Capital Asset Pricing Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Capital Asset Pricing Model - Essay Example This model has been heavily criticised and debated over the past decades, and many of the economists are of the opinion that this framework is not adequate enough to assess various risk factors comprehensively. However, none of the opponents could introduce a potential alternative to this concept till date. This paper will critically analyse the applicability of the CAPM in corporate finance applications in the context of modern business environment. Corporate applications of CAPM Hillier et al (2008, section 5.1) provide a detailed view of the corporate applications of the capital asset pricing model. Through a well integrated theoretical concept and empirical evidences the authors give readers an easy understanding of the applicability of CAPM in corporate finance. Through this section, the authors address the misconception that the CAPM theory is applicable only to investment purposes. The application of capital asset pricing model together with mean variance analysis is greatly s upporting corporate managers in decision making process today (Grinblatt & Titman 2003, p. 132). The author argues that a manger is most likely to lose his job if his organisation is continuously struggling with declining stock prices (ibid). Hence every corporate manger is forced to improve the firm’s stock prices at any cost. For this, the manager needs clear understanding of the different elements that determine share value. Such knowledge would greatly assist corporate managers to determine what actions would improve the stock value and thereby serve the interest of stockholders and directors. For instance, the combined application of CAPM and mean variance analysis may help firms to hedge their risk elements to a great extent and â€Å"diversify their portfolios of real investment projects† (Grinblatt & Titman 2003). The CAPM model also benefits multinational corporations to scrutinise their capital expenditure decisions. Management theories and historical evidenc es clearly indicate that thoughtless capital expenditures would lead to corporate failures. Top executives are extremely concerned with the firm’s capital expenditure strategies as they determine the organisation’s levels of sustainability. At this juncture, CAPM assists regulators to frame their capital expenditure strategies by focusing on various factors affecting capital expenditure. This concept is also useful for financial managers to arrive at reasonable conclusions on how to value real assets. Although many of the critics claim that CAPM model cannot be used for valuing real assets, majority of corporations are still cantered on this model. However, scholars like Lee et al (2009) strongly believe that CAPM can be very useful in real asset valuation. While analysing the historical growth phases of CAPM, it seems that corporate managements have been using this model in their all areas of financial analysis and planning since the development of this concept. Schol ars opine that capital budgeting is one of the major corporate applications of the CAPM. If it is possible to predict the systematic risk associated with a project accurately, then the CAPM can be applied to compute the risk adjusted discount rate which is essential to compensate the organisation for the risk elements of the project. â€Å"

Interest and goal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interest and goal - Essay Example Other general job requirements of aviation management are similar to general management. As an aviation management I will need to establish communication with both junior level and senior level staff as I will be responsible for the supervision of overall functioning of the airport. I will also need to plan and organize different job levels. As an aviation manager I will also be responsible for decision making and financial budgeting, and looking after the health and safety of all employees. Initially, when I had completed my school and was about to join college I was not sure about my future career. I joined college with the goal of becoming electronics engineer since I was quite proficient in mathematics and physics. Although I had great interest in aviation industry I was not sure whether there were enough opportunities in the field of aeronautics. As I was studying electronics, my interest gradually shifted to aircrafts and aviation management. I began to take time off for subscribing to and reading journals and magazines on aviation industry, flight management and airport activities. Management as profession is very common in my family. My father, my brother and also most of my cousins are in this profession. There is lot of potential in this profession along with lucrative salary. Even as a kid I was interested in making different kind of airplane models with paper and my room was always littered with paper models. I used to be fascinated by sci-fi movies based on space and travel. My favorite move is the 1977 American movie Star Wars which tells the story of freedom fighters who plot and successfully destroy a space station which had the capability of destroying the earth. My interest struck on aeronautics since it is all about aircrafts to cars and ships, and includes designing and maintenance of the same. However, when the time came to choose my profession, my focus shifted more to the management aspect rather than the technical aspect. As an

Microeconomics of Labour Supply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microeconomics of Labour Supply - Essay Example From a microeconomic perspective the labour market differs from other markets in terms of the factors of demand and supply mainly because there will be a limited supply of the resource i.e. "working hours",involved which may be further varied by many situations like epidemics,migration and increased vacations or even the wage rates currently being offered.The article discusses the correlation between employment and Labour demand and supply in the United Kingdom with the latest statistics and compares them to the employment rate in the 1970's.This has been attributed to the labour market performance which has increased since 1997 The national statistics (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/) have some good news for the British economy as they show that not only has employment increased but people are increasingly not claiming unemployment.This is because more jobs have been created and average earnings, excluding bonuses have increased (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/). Now coming to the basic model of Microeconomic supply of labour,the labour supply curve in the microeconomic model is upward sloping because higher wages will attract more and more workers .This includes the labour supply emanating from the pool of labour supply which is working for other industries or the untapped sources of labour like housewives and the younger pool of labour force who were previously lacked the incentive to work.This also has been influenced by the elasticity of labour supply. So what are these factors affecting labour supply Current wage rate prevalent in the industry is definitely an issue here as it will bring out the untapped reserves of labour.This will also be affected strongly by work opportunities,pension schemes,share option offers as well as a sanitary and safe work place free of stress and harassment.Labour supply responds to wage differentials within competing jobs so if a similar or substitute vocation will be offering better pay and benefits the labour will tend to shift to that sector.In the recent years there has been an increase in the exodus of the British labour supply to management oriented Jobs because they offer better work packages and perks like company cars and flats.However it should be noted that there can certain barriers to an industry labour supply especially if it is qualification or license based.For example one reason the wages/remuneration of lawyers and chartered accountants is so high is because they have to spend a long time training for their degrees and spend a lot of money of achieving their technical licenses.The supply of labour will increase due to occupational and geographical mobility as well mainly because then the labour will not only be able to switch jobs easily from one industry to another but they will also be better equipped to travel to far off areas to work for their jobs.Other factors include the fact whether the industrial conditions are conducive to women with families or young people struggling to get an education while earning a living.Lack of job security and future career development can play an immense role in increasing/boosting the supply of labour.Things regarding geographical mobility have changed a lot eversince UK's accession to the European Union as people from disadvantaged EU member states have a large influx into Britain and they are competing for Jobs with them.It should

Geology Report Essay Example for Free

Geology Report Essay In article 64, Beach Placers Containing Radioactive Minerals, Bay of Bengal, East Pakistan the geologists have thoroughly researched the rocks and minerals of beach placers that extend 100 miles southeastward along the Bay of Bengal near East Pakistan. During the 1961 study the geologists discovered that the placers contain heavy radioactive minerals including monazite, ilmenite, and zircon. In the sands along the beaches, the geologists, found 10 to 30 percent of heavy minerals that exceed 2. 8 specific gravity. Of the ten randomly dispersed placers studied along the oast, geologist found they all contained small concentrations of these heavy radioactive minerals. The minerals studied in the placers were in layers between 1 and 2. 5 feet thick and located near the beach surface along with others buried in sand dunes. They believe the placers were formed with or by a combination of waves, wind, and the natural down flow of creeks/rivers. Due to the difference of each separately located placer, geologists noticed grain sizes and the sorting of the minerals differ from placer to placer. They discovered the lenses with the majority of eavy minerals is finer grained, better sorted, and better rounded and contains magnetite. In the pacer at the northernmost tip, they found it differs from the others. It had black sand as opposed to white and it laid on top of a mud platform. Also, according to the survey, geologists found this placer to be less radioactive than the rest of placers researched. All of the placers are oblong in shape and are very large. Each placer is tens of hundreds of feet wide and can stretch out to be several miles long. The geologists surveyed the placers using an airborne radiometric survey. After ll of the research the geologists and scientists found that all of the placers contain radioactive minerals as well as non-radioactive minerals. Reasoning and Application I specifically chose this article because I find radioactive minerals, and anything geological related to the ocean, interesting. I grew up surfing in a small beach town near Santa Barbara so any type of geology related to the oceans and beaches interest me. Also, one of the more interesting topics learned in my geology class were the different types of minerals and how their individual physical structure can be altered due to earths natural forces. After studying geology this semester I was able to fully understand how these placers were formed along with why these heavy minerals formed in layers and were denser than the sand and other rocks. It helped me understand why and how geologists surveyed these radioactive minerals. Also, I completely understood how these minerals were sorted and the different physical structure of these well and poorly sorted minerals. I can honestly say that before taking this class I would have no idea what this article was about. Now I was fully able to grasp all of the information provided in the article. USGS Geology Report By gomer5

Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto Essay -- Communist Manifesto Essays

Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels formulates the basic concepts of Communism. Faith and reason can be used to explain parts of this document. The Communist Manifesto has definite views dealing with faith, and along with this, religion. In the Manifesto, Marx states that religion is not needed in Communism because a society under Communism is classless. Marx uses reason to explain what will happen to society due to the materialism of the Industrial Revolution. Marx reasons how society will become classless under the rule of communism. The proletariat, defined as the lower working class, will take over the bourgeoisie, defined as the upper class, because of the difference in capital between the two classes. The two classes clash because both are consumed with wants of material items and power but only the bourgeoisie has an abundance of these two items. The proletariat then revolts to gain equality and thus society becomes classless. Faith and reaso n are themes used in the Communist Manifesto to explain the ideals and concepts of Communism. Marx perceives religion as gratuitous in communism. Marx’s reaction toward religion is quite evident in just the second sentence: "All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this specter [communism]; Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies."1 Marx sees the Pope as an enemy therefore religion must be an enemy of Marx’s. In the Manifesto, Marx even sarcastically comments on the Catholic religion by calling the lives of the Saints silly.2 This reflects some of Marx’s views on religion that he displayed in the Manifesto. He has two main reasons ... ...o to explain his ideas of religion and society. Notes 1. Marx, Karl, The Communist Manifesto. Sources from the Humanities History and Religious Studies, 37. 2. Marx, 56. 3. Marx, 40. 4. Mckown, Delos B, The Classical Marxist Critiques of Religion: Marx, Engels, Lenin, Kautsky. Belgium: Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1975, 58. 5. Marx, 52. 6. Janz, Denis R, World Christianity and Marxism. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 1998, 11. 7. Janz, 11 8. Heimann, Eduard, Reason and Faith in Modern Society: Liberalism, Marxism, and Democracy. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1961, 154. 9. Miller, Alexander, The Christian Significance of Karl Marx. London: Northumberland Press, 1946, 21. 10. Marx, 40. 11. Miller, 26. 12. Miller, 27. 13. Marx, 22-23. 14. Marx, 28-29.

The Country of Libya Essay -- essays research papers

Libya Libya is a Country located in northern Africa, 90% of Libya’s land is covered by the Sahara Desert. There are no lakes or rivers, all of the country’s water supply is from underground. Libya is one of the largest countries in Africa, but largely due to its vast desert environment, the population is less than most of the other countries. Libya also has no water above ground, everything comes either from the ocean or the underground water systems that irrigate the underside of Libya. Libya’s flag is solid green, the only flag in the world with one colour and design, Libya also has a huge history of religions and cultured as well as some of the oldest architecture on the planet. Location Libya is located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean Sea which provides a northern coastal border. On the east Libya borders Egypt and Sudan and on the west Libya borders Tunisia and Algeria. To the south Libya has Chad and Niger as neighboring countries. One may ask what type of relations that Libya has with these bordering countries. Libya occupies a very interesting position. Libya has a long history of great trade relations with these other countries. Trade between these countries has depended on two types of routes which are the â€Å"western† route and the â€Å"commercial† route. The commercial route is used every season and leads to Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Place Libya extends over 1,759,540 square kilometers (679,182 square miles), making it the 16th largest nation in the world. The climate is a mostly dry, desert climate. The northern regions however enjoy a milder Mediterranean climate. Geographic regions: Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan. The chief cities are the capital Tripoli in northwest Libya and Bengh... ...hat covers the body from the knees to the neck regardless of the temperature, which sometimes can go above 40 degrees C. Certain beaches especially for tourists are also available. All drugs and alcohol are banned and this applies to all visitors. Libya is one of the safest countries in the world since the crime rate is very low. You do not need to be concerned about your safety in Libya, although you may get lots of fascinated looks from the locals if you travel there. Arabic is the main language and English is the second language. Almost everyone in Libya can speak English. Conclusion Libya, though very dry and uninhabited, contains much history and ancient architecture. It is a very interesting country, and to think that that much land can be covered by flat desert is amazing. Libya is a well run country and very populated considering the conditions. The Country of Libya Essay -- essays research papers Libya Libya is a Country located in northern Africa, 90% of Libya’s land is covered by the Sahara Desert. There are no lakes or rivers, all of the country’s water supply is from underground. Libya is one of the largest countries in Africa, but largely due to its vast desert environment, the population is less than most of the other countries. Libya also has no water above ground, everything comes either from the ocean or the underground water systems that irrigate the underside of Libya. Libya’s flag is solid green, the only flag in the world with one colour and design, Libya also has a huge history of religions and cultured as well as some of the oldest architecture on the planet. Location Libya is located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean Sea which provides a northern coastal border. On the east Libya borders Egypt and Sudan and on the west Libya borders Tunisia and Algeria. To the south Libya has Chad and Niger as neighboring countries. One may ask what type of relations that Libya has with these bordering countries. Libya occupies a very interesting position. Libya has a long history of great trade relations with these other countries. Trade between these countries has depended on two types of routes which are the â€Å"western† route and the â€Å"commercial† route. The commercial route is used every season and leads to Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Place Libya extends over 1,759,540 square kilometers (679,182 square miles), making it the 16th largest nation in the world. The climate is a mostly dry, desert climate. The northern regions however enjoy a milder Mediterranean climate. Geographic regions: Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan. The chief cities are the capital Tripoli in northwest Libya and Bengh... ...hat covers the body from the knees to the neck regardless of the temperature, which sometimes can go above 40 degrees C. Certain beaches especially for tourists are also available. All drugs and alcohol are banned and this applies to all visitors. Libya is one of the safest countries in the world since the crime rate is very low. You do not need to be concerned about your safety in Libya, although you may get lots of fascinated looks from the locals if you travel there. Arabic is the main language and English is the second language. Almost everyone in Libya can speak English. Conclusion Libya, though very dry and uninhabited, contains much history and ancient architecture. It is a very interesting country, and to think that that much land can be covered by flat desert is amazing. Libya is a well run country and very populated considering the conditions.

Oedipus and Creon: Leaders of Thebes Essay

In the plays Oedipus the King and Antigone Sophocles portrays two characters, Oedipus and Creon, as rulers of Thebes. After the murder of Laius, former King of Thebes, Oedipus became leader when he successfully solved the riddle of the Sphinx. Some time later, Creon became King of Thebes as the result of his nephews deaths. â€Å"Oedipus is a good ruler in spite of his defects. Creon is a bad ruler in spite of his virtues.† This essay will discuss Oedipus and Creon as rulers of Thebes. In the eyes of the townspeople, Oedipus is seen as a good leader. He demonstrates the qualities any good leader possesses. When Oedipus learned of the plague that had spread through the town he immediately took action before the town confronted him with their fears. Upon meeting with the town, he notified them of his actions and his understanding of their concerns regarding the outcome of Thebes. Oedipus says, â€Å"You can trust me. I am ready to help, I’ll do anything. I would be blind to misery not to pity my people kneeling at my feet† (Sophocles 159). We see that Oedipus is sympathetic to their needs and concerns and dependable as he had already sent his brother-in-law to gain information from the oracle Upon Creon’s return from the oracle, Oedipus demonstrates his honesty, truthfulness, and determination as leader. Creon states, â€Å"If you want my report in the presence of these people†¦I’m ready now, or we might go inside† (Sophocles 163). Oedipus responds by asking Creon to report right then and there suggesting that he has nothing to hide and only truth to share with Thebes. The news from the oracle suggested that the only way to end the plague was to remove the source of Laius’s death, either by banishment or murder. Oedipus immediately seeks out to uncover the murderer of the former king. These qualities are those admired in a leader, like Oedipus, but hard to find in Creon. Creon, unlike Oedipus, is seen as a poor leader of the town, Thebes. The qualities with which he rules are unlikable. Creon immediately instills a sense of fear as he acknowledges the absolute power he possesses in his initial speech as ruler of Thebes. â€Å"Whoever refuses to adopt the soundest policies but fearing someone, keeps his lips locked tight, he’s utterly worthless. And whoever places a friend above the good of his own country, he  is nothing† (Sophocles 67). Furthermore, Creon issues a decree to his people that anyone who provides Polynices with a proper burial will face death. By enforcing the decree, Creon lacks sympathy for the beliefs of his town and his blood relatives, Antigone and Ismene. When the sentry enters with a message for the King we learn that Creon’s rule focuses on threats and violence. The sentry hesitates to relay this message to Creon fearing that he would react harshly. Creon then demands that the sentry tell all that he knows. The sentry informs Creon that someone has defied the decree and given Polynices proper burial. Creon irrationally accuses the sentry; although he has spoken several times that he is not to blame. The king threatens the sentry saying, â€Å"Well now, you just be clever about your judgments – if you fail to produce the criminals for me, you’ll swear your dirty money brought you pain† (Sophocles 75). Terrified by the King’s word, the sentry quickly leaves to keep watch of Polynices and later returns with news that Antigone is the culprit. We find that Oedipus is a good leader because he is honest, sympathetic, dependable and determined. On the other hand, Creon fails to sympathize with the citizen. The fear and violence of his absolute power became detrimental to his leadership. Despite these differences between Oedipus and Creon, the leaders did share some qualities that influenced the way they ruled. Oedipus and Creon both ruled with pride. Each individual was proud of their actions and the way they lead the people of Thebes. At times they were so proud that they failed to believe what was being told to them. Tiresias proclaims to Oedipus, â€Å"You are the curse, the corruption of the land† (Sophocles 179). Oedipus refuted the truth, â€Å"Aren’t you appalled to start up such a story? You think you can get away with this?† (Sophocles 179) Tiresias warned Oedipus of his family curse and the he was the cause of the plague, but he failed to see this. Similarly, Creon was warned by Tiresias in Antigone of the trouble that was to result from his injustice. â€Å"If he tried to make amends, however low he’s fallen, and stops his bullnecked ways. Stubbornness brands you for stupidity-pride is a crime† (Sophocles 112). Creon failed to accept the information told to him by Tiresias,  instead his pride prevailed until he admitted his wrongdoings at the end of the play, at which it was too late. The town of Thebes was also ruled by both with stubbornness. Once they had an idea set in their minds nothing could change it. Each had a firm belief in what they thought. Creon sentenced Antigone to death, since she was the individual who gave her brother, Polynices, a proper burial. Despite warnings from the town and Tiresias, Creon carried out the sentencing of his niece by sealing her in a cave. His stubborn character led to defiance of the Gods, which led to his downfall as King of Thebes. In Oedipus the King, Oedipus goal was to save his people from the plague by removing the murderer, who was present in the town. Oedipus was stubborn and refused to see the clues which revealed the source of the plague. Eventually, Oedipus overcame his stubbornness and accepted the truth that he was indeed the source of the plague by murdering his father and marrying his mother. Oedipus, being a good leader, remained true to his word and banished himself from Thebes. In conclusion, Sophocles portrays two rulers of Thebes in his plays Oedipus the King and Antigone. Oedipus and Creon share similarities and differences that characterize them as leaders of Thebes. Oedipus is seen as a good ruler due to the fact that he possesses the qualities the town seeks in a leader. Creon is deemed a bad ruler. He places himself above the state, people, and gods therefore being a feared and intimidating leader. Works Cited Sophocles. The Three Theban Plays: Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus. New York: Penguin Books, 1984. Works ConsultedMcManus, Barbara. â€Å"Background for Antigone.† CLS 267 Topic Page. 1999. The College ofNew Rochelle. 20 April 2005 Mitchell-Boyask, Robin. â€Å"Study Guide for Sophocles’ Oedipus the King.† Department ofClassics. 2002. Temple University. 22 April 2005

Health care Transparency Essay

Health care Transparency is openness about the quality of healthcare provided, sharing information whether it be good or bad for the purpose of improvement. In the past, health care transparency was secretive, people did not want to share patent information for reason of privacy to their clients as well to avoid law suits. However there is a way in which you can share information without violating doctor patient privilege. The future of health care transparency looks as though it is going to improve, I say improve because I agree with Dr. Patrick Crawley that the movement will allow sharing of information therefore allowing improvements to be made leading to less law suits. Really kind of taking on a best practices type of mentality as well sometimes we need others to step in and help work through issues that may arise. Overall I think that hospitals becoming transparent will force improvement, at first I am sure there will be a struggle just as in any new process however once the kinks are worked out improvement will shine through. Health care transparency will help patients make more informed decisions when deciding where to go when care is needed, this may cause longer wait times at first however raising the standards and outing the facilities that are not providing good treatment cause only force them to do whatever it takes to increase standards and service provided. We as consumers need to become more informed decisions makers however with information available to us is limited we are unable to make accurate decisions on where to receive our care. We have systems/sites in which we can choose babysitters, plumbers and other types of services we made need why would we not want to choose our health care facility with the same type of research. Some of this information is already made available by some facilities, such as checking out wait times and even being able to sign up to be seen before even arriving improving the time in which we would wait to  receive care. The more we alignment with this advancement the better the care we will see.

MWDS : The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay

Oscar Wilde was born on October 16, 1854 to Sir William Wilde and Jane Wilde, the second of three children. Wilde studied at Oxford, and joined the Freemasons in 1878 after failing to join the Oxford Union. After graduation, he went home to Dublin and began writing poems. The Picture of Dorian Gray was his first and only novel. Wilde married Constance Lloyd in 1884 and perished on November 30, 1900 to cerebral meningitis. Historical Information As the second industrial revolution went on, steel, railroads, and electricity allowed for the economic growth of the United States and Western Europe. The standard of living rose dramatically, and health concern and sanitation caused infection and death rates to drop greatly. During the decade, gothic novels, like Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson, were published. Characteristics of the Genre The setting, atmosphere, and emotions are dramatic and gloomy. Dark suspense and mystery are strongly tied to gothic novels, al ong with the supernatural. Plot Summary The Picture of Dorian Gray is an American novel centered on Dorian Gray, a handsome wealthy young man living in the nineteenth century in London. Even though Dorian is a very intelligent person, he often finds himself easily manipulated and this fault will ultimately lead him to failure. Dorian has his picture painted by a friend named Basil, and when Dorian meets his friend Lord Henry Wotton, his life will soon collapse. Dorian begins to believe that youth and beauty will bring him everything he desires, so he makes a wish that the portrait will age, and he will stay forever young and handsome. The picture begins to show Dorian’s truths portraying him as a demon-like creature, and eventually he will come to realize all the terrible sins he created over fourteen years. After Dorian realized he is the result of numerous deaths, he retreats to his old school room to stab the picture in the heart. This relieves him of all his sins and the picture and he switches back , finally showing Dorian’s age. Author’s Style Wilde writes with strong details and vocabulary. His tendency to write through dialog is evident, as the growth of the characters and plot are through spoken words. Example â€Å"‘He has a simple and a beautiful nature. Your aunt was quite right in what she said of him. Don’t spoil him. Don’t try to influence him. Your influence would be bad. The world is wide, and has many marvelous people in it. Don’t take away from me the one person who gives to my art whatever charm it possesses: my life as an artist depends on him. Mind, Harry, I trust you’† (12). Basil describing Dorian’s importance to stay innocent from Lord Henry. 1890’s London, England, in the upper west side. Dorian moves from the west (wealthy) side of London to the east (decrepit), representing his double personality of being a gentleman, but also a skulker. Significance of the Opening Scene A background of Dorian Gray is built in the first chapter, giving him a mysterious and wildly curious air. The two most important characters that influence Dorian are brought up immediately and are given strong personalities through their dialog. The plot has strong ties with what is talked about in chapter one. Major Symbols, Motifs, Images Sibyl Vane: innocence, purity, and naà ¯vety. Her interaction with Dorian caused her life to end shorter than it should’ve been, and Dorian wouldn’t be effected as strongly should he had not met Sybil. Significance of the Ending/Closing Scene The novel ends and begins with a painting. Dorian has evolved for the worse and decides that destroying the painting would destroy the image of his disgu sting, corrupted soul, but inadvertently kills himself. The picture gives Dorian all of his monstrous deformities, while the painting is restored to the original, untouched beauty. Possible Themes 1. Innocence is fragile and impressionable 2. Transformation doesn’t just have to be for the better; it can go for the worse and progress to a form of despicable terribleness. 3. Eternal youth is something humans strive for, but once attained, it can become to much of a burden and have too much consequence to bear.

Analyze a Sociological Issue Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analyze a Sociological Issue - Assignment Example can Culture: How Prejudice and Discrimination Have Colored Culture) The South African governments were controlled by the white people till Nelson Mandela successfully led the agitations against them and dethroned their ruling and became the first elected president of South Africa in 1994. Till then the black South African people were victims of discrimination and prejudices even thought they were the largest community in South Africa. Coloureds are a mix of Black Africans and (British) Whites. They are so named because of the apartheid regime, as a way a labeling them; however, since then they have developed their own distinct culture. They reside mostly in the Northern and Western Cape. About 80% speak Afrikaans and 20% speak English. (South African Culture: How Prejudice and Discrimination Have Colored Culture) The colored people are a mixed race with its ancestors belongs to Europe, Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Malaya, Mozambique, and Mauritius like countries. The South African society were divided four main racial groups during the apartheid era; Blacks, Whites, Coloureds and Indians. Based on the color of the people the political rights were also varied among these groups. The whites enjoyed supremacy in every field of life like political cultural and religious things. Even the people from the same religion experienced discrimination because of their skin color. Earlier the political rights of the coloreds were similar to that of the whites though their rights to earn income and property were limited by the law. Prejudice is the positive or negative evaluation of a social group and its members. It differs from stereotyping in that the emphasis with prejudice focuses more on emotional than cognitive factors. Prejudice is largely an attitude. (Prejudice and discrimination) Historical, cultural, and socio-economic factors all contribute to prejudice. In South Africa, the minority white people controlled the entire process of ruling of the country. They have

How important is the media in setting gender roles Essay

How important is the media in setting gender roles - Essay Example The children, youngsters and people at large are vulnerable to the portrayal and textual messages in media because they are regularly exposed to them. Scientific research reveals that in cognitive learning, the individual learns by listening, watching, touching, reading or experiencing and then processing and remembering the information. (Think Quest, 2008). Theory of cognitive learning essentially implies that through various means of learning processes, people are able to retain the information in the memory and apply it as and when required. The theory becomes highly relevant when applied to media portrayal of gender roles. The impact of those visuals and the textual contents are reflected in the behavioural pattern of the people who consciously or unconsciously adapt the messages and images in their attitude and behaviour. Thus, role of media become a critical element in setting gender roles within defined societal paradigms. Television is most influential format of media that co nsiderably impacts people’s opinion and promotes diversity of roles that are gender based (Carter, Branston and Allan, 1998). Oprah Winfrey Talk Show is an exemplary example of empowerment of women. In the male dominated society, the rise of Oprah Winfrey, an African American woman is nothing short of a miracle. She serves as the most influential role model for millions of women across the world who has triumphed over social and racial prejudices to emerge as a symbol of woman power. Oprah Winfrey symbolizes empowerment a woman, who has risen above gender and race. Indeed, television has greatly facilitated in promoting empowerment of women as one of the most crucial issues for the wider... This essay "How important is the media in setting gender roles?" outlines how different forms of media portrays both gender and their gender roles. The general image of women has also got a great boost from the media. The news channels, showcasing the pertinent women issues of their empowerment and equal representation in national politics have had huge positive impact on the perception and opinion of general public. It plays a prominent role in the portrayal of women, especially those above fifty years of age. But it can also be said that though women may share almost equal platform on visual media as TV anchors, newsreaders, in general, they have not been given the space and the importance that they deserve. Celebrity status and glamour seem to be the important factor for projecting them in media. Looking at the increasing number of TV soaps and mainstream cinema, one discovers that the appeal for women protagonists invariably decrease with age! There are fewer films and prime time soaps with matured female artistes as main characters. Whereas their counterparts seem to have a new lease of life after fifty years of age! Sean Connery (The Rock, Finding Forester etc.), Richard Gere’ (Chicago, Flock etc.) are few actors who are able to get main lead in cinema, while in their 50s and 60s. Gender bias seems to dominate all areas of media, including news media which is highly retrogressing and demoralising for women professionals. Then again, literature has also a unique way in perpetuating new ideologies and values within the transforming societies.

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Research Paper Example Individual beliefs and perceptions have a significant influence on their health. Research studies and works in this direction have proved that these beliefs affect individual behaviour in terms of their eating habits, medication routine or following their doctors’ instructions. Such behavioural aspects also have a strong impact on the individual’s physiological system and its effects on the immune system or cardiovascular systems. Research evidence has also supported the belief that the patient’s health conditions are also influenced by the beliefs and perceptions of the health professionals. The health professionals’ belief impacts the nature of treatment adopted and the way it impacts the patient’s own perception on his health condition and subsequent health behaviour (Broome and Llewelyn, 1995). The theoretical approaches and research findings over the decades have sought to explain the impact of such variables on individual health behaviour and the extent to which it predicts health outcomes. Different models have sought to explain health related behaviours and among these models the locus of control has been the focus of much research. The locus of control refers to â€Å"the degree to which individuals perceive events in their lives as being a consequence of their own actions, and thereby controllable (internal control), or as being unrelated to their own behaviour, and therefore beyond personal control (external control)† (Bahar, 1988, p45). The work on health locus of control (HLOC) has been inspired by Rotter who conceptualized the measurement scale to evaluate individual behaviour or expectancy in different dimensions. These dimensions include internality, powerful others and chance (Broome and Llewelyn, 1995). The internal HLOC relates to the individual belief that their health outcomes is attached to their health behaviour and hence it can be controlled, powerful others HLOC indicates that individual health is dependent on the behaviour of

Axon company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Axon company - Essay Example In 2001 they leading business consultancy Bywater and broadened its offering in the management consultancy space, delivering strategy, process and organisational transformation programmes. In the US also they have acquired several SAP consultancy firms including TUI Consulting Inc, Premier HR Solutions Inc and Zytalis Inc. Axon now has offices in the US, Asia Pacific and Europe and turned over more than  £137.5m in 2006 and their clients include Transport for London, The AA, Xerox, Birmingham City Council, BP, Pratt & Whitney, Sikorsky, Goodrich Corporation, Air Canada and Aquarion. Their three lines of business include business consulting division, solutions implementation division and applications management division. They cater to sectors ranging from aerospace to retail and telecommunications to oil and gas. They address emerging issues like address emerging global issues such as electronic commerce, industry convergence, worldwide alliances, virtual organisations and corporate citizenship. The market environment for such consultancy firms is robust with growth but not all succeed due to the prevailing market forces. An analysis of the industry, the market forces and the economy relevant to the company would help to determine the future prospects for Axon. Besides, any company is also governed by the regulatory issues and this too contributes to the success of the organization. The consulting industry has experienced sizeable growth and enviable profits. Consulting services generated approximately $120 billion worldwide during 2004 and the future is promising as well (Mark, 2006). This is due to various factors that govern the industry. Industries like health care, financial services, energy, retail and IT have all exhibited phenomenal growth. In the competitive environment firms are increasingly hiring consultants and offering excellent compensation

Economic Influences of Korea Wave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic Influences of Korea Wave - Essay Example Chinese Journalists coined the term ‘Korean wave’ on the realization that there was a high appetite for Korean television programs in China. This trend has continued to the present days with the likes of Psy whose music Gangnam style, released in 2012 gained worldwide recognition. What started as just television programs and music has gone beyond to include other aspects of Korean culture, including food, clothing and creative imagery and video games. This created an economic benefit for the people of Korea. This paper will discuss the economic influences of the Korea wave. The Korea wave started in the mid-1990s and late 1990s in East Asia. It all started when two programs, â€Å"Winter Sonata† and â€Å"What is love† gained popularity in Japan and China respectively in the mid and late 1990s. These two programs created a high appetite for the Korean programs in these two countries. Within a short time, the wave spread to the neighboring East Asia countries like Hong Kong, Taiwan, Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia. Consequentially, the Korean television programs spread to the rest of Asia, including Islamic countries like Iran. The Korea Wave became a force to reckon with and influenced major film industry countries in Europe and the United States.The Korea wave became common among all people, including the old politicians and the young studying youths. Sun Jin Lee shows the way East Asia regions accepted the Korean television series. According to Sun Jin Lee, when the Vietnamese government delegation visited Korea for a bilateral meetin g, the Vietnamese delegations requested a certain woman to sign their menus at a luncheon. It later emerged the woman asked to sign the menus was Kim Hyun-Joo of the popular Korean television program â€Å"Yuri Gudu† meaning.

Food Is More Than What We Eat Essay Example for Free

Food Is More Than What We Eat Essay The food we consume everyday has more to it than a source of fuel and part of our human essentials. Though we may not realise, food plays a part of many people’s culture, religion and even employment, where food plays a significant role in their everyday lives. Today, food serves a fairly major role in our society. Due to globalisation and other global factors, there has now been a mix and harmonious diversity in cultures around the world and food is one of the main evidence of that. This can just be seen by walking to your local stores where there are at least two or more food stores/ restaurants from different cultures. This is particularly evident in Australia, as immigrants from across the globe bring with them to Australia their cultures, beliefs and lifestyles to their new homes- with food being one of them. Many of these different cultures are now welcomed, accepted and shared, which provides employment for many people. This is not only evident in the Western continents, but many other Asian countries, where you would see many restaurants, snacks stores and street stores. Food is also used to distinguish the ‘classes of certain groups and/or areas. For example, in the city where there are more higher classed people, majority of the restaurants and cuisines tend to be a lot more expensive than those in the outer suburban areas. The functions of food in cultures vary between cultures, but majority of the time plays a significant role. There are different beliefs and morals, religious and food rules/ etiquettes that are associated with food of different cultures. An example of a food belief/moral would be in China noodles represent longevity, therefore it should not to be broken off or bitten off but put all into your mouth to chew to swallow. Food has not only been applied in beliefs and morals, but also religion. This can be seen in the Buddhism, where vegetarian dietary is preferred for serious believers. Sometimes food etiquette is incorporated into the religious side of food. For example in China it is considered extremely rude and impolite to stick your chopsticks upright in your rice as it is how it appears in funerals and is disrespectful to the elderly. The use of food in traditions and celebrations is another way to show how food has a deeper meaning that being sustenance. Traditions vary between cultures, but even families and individuals. Everyone has their own ‘style’ that they live with and pass on to their family who if they decide to continue the tradition passes on to future generations. Some of these traditions in terms of culture can be having rice has your main staple for most Asian cultures, while in Australia they have many different staples ranging from bread to grain foods. Food is also a big role player in celebrations. Many cultures have special foods that are only eaten or mostly eaten on certain days or events. For example in China on Chinese New Year, moon cakes are eaten, while in Australia, citizens have BBQs on Australia Day and eat ANZAC biscuits on ANZAC day. Food has also been a reason for unity of people. People like to eat whether it is at home or in restaurants in groups, where they not only enjoy the food together but can also start up conversations. For some families during dinner time may be the only time where they sit together and talk about their day. On a larger scale, food and global factors has allowed people of different backgrounds and cultures to accept and understand each other’s cultures. As previously mentioned, where we can now have food that are not from your culture. Because of food being eaten by many cultures, there are modifications to some foods so that more people can eat them. For example, there are now many vegetarian foods such as vegetarian pies and noodles for people with vegetarian diets.

Definition Of Green Supply Chain Management Commerce Essay

Definition Of Green Supply Chain Management Commerce Essay There is no precised definition of GSCM (Srivastava, 2007). However in this context, the aim of the researcher and the given problems will determine the scope of there green supply chain. Whiles some researchers channel their attention at the procurement phase, others considers the entire supply chain activities (Zhu et al., 2008). To begin with, Handfield et al., (2005) and Kogg (2003) considered green supply chain in the environmental perspective whereby environmental supply chain management can be used to represent green supply chain management. Businesses are developing and introducing green strategies in order to green the supply chain activities to build common approaches towards energy conservation, pollution abatement, waste reduction and improve their operational efficiencies. Subsequently, the increasing importance of sustainability brought to bare the term triple bottom line of all enterprises highlighting the values enterprises must embrace to continue to operate and become more competitive. Thus when executing their professional duties, enterprises are required to simultaneously factor into the strategy or planning economic, social and environmental issues (Elkington, 2004). Even though social and ethical issues can be related to green supply chain management (Markley and Davies, 2007), social iss ues will not be further elaborated in this paper. In another school of thought, GSCM is viewed in another angle as industrial ecology (Jackson and Clift, 1998) and industrial metabolism (Frederick and Kurato, 2009). Industry is a collective word referring to mutually dependent firms belonging to the same economy (Chang and Singh, 2000). According to (Jackson and Clift, 1998) the industrial ecology focuses on improved efficiency and increasing production output of the whiles making the manufactured goods cheaper as well as preventing the pollution into the ecosystem. On the other hand, industrial metabolism which was conceptualise by Robert Ayres from the biological point of view whereby the convertion of raw materials, energy and labour into finished goods and waste are regarded as integration of physical processes (Frederick and Kurato, 2009). This biological metamorphosis is applicable to the manufacturing enterprises whereby the finished by-product of a firm becomes the input or raw materials for the other (Baily et al., 2005). In another approach, GSCM can be linked to the lean paradigm which was conceptualised by (Womack et al., 1990). Womack et al. (1990) stated that lean thinking which was the core practice of the Toyota Production System (TPS) the Japanese motor manufacturing and termed as muda, has close synergy with environment management (Hampson and Johnson, 1996) whereby companies were required to do more with less. Thus avoiding spoiled production, purposeless movement of employees and goods, unnecessary processing steps and services that fail to meet the requirement of customers. And by doing so, the organisational activities which do not create value but absorbs resources are cut off. So the ultimate aim of the lean concepts as developed by Womack et al. (1990) is targeted towards cost reduction in the manufacturing companies through value engineering and analysis so as to provide the optimum prices offered to their customers. Hines et al (2004) claim that lean exist at the strategic and opera tional levels. The customer value-creation strategic thinking applies everywhere in relation to cost, delivery and quality. However, Fisher (1997) argues that the lean thinking is not a supply chain strategy applicable to all sorts of product manufacturing. Yet in another approach Lin et al. (2001) green supply chain management is also connected to Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing (ECM) of which they viewed it as involving developing and putting into operation manufacturing processes that curtailing and getting rid of all forms of waste, improve material utilisation efficiency and improving operational safety as well as reducing energy consumption across the supply chain. McKinnon et al., (2010) supported Lin et al. (2001) views and added few expressions stating that issue of green supply chain focuses on the reduction of energy consumption and emissions, elimination of solid, chemicals or hazardous waste by material suppliers, contractors, service contractors, vendors, distributors and end users within the supply chain whiles increasing recycling and reuse. Ernst and Young (2008) pointed out energy savings and managing resources efficiently as the best option for green supply chain. Sarkis, (2001) Concluded that environmental co nscious manufacturing is an important strategy the enables companies to lower their environmental impact, improve efficiency whiles achieving profits and market share targets. The above opinions expressed regarding green supply chain management create the environmental consciousness will not be completed without the flow of information across the upstream and downstream. Gattorna (2006) viewed supply chain as the enterprises involved in the coordinating process, functions, activities and building relationships and pathways along which information, goods, services and financial transactions are moved from the upstream to the downstream. However for the purpose of the study, the researcher will agree to Hervani et al. (2005) definition of green supply chain management embedded with Gatornas opinion of supply chain. Hervani et al. (2005) viewed green supply chain management as the activities of supply chain in regards to the support of the protection of the environment. The activities range from green purchasing, green manufacturing, green distribution and marketing to reverse logistics. The reason is to make known the flow of both information and material as well relationship building among the supply chain members. It is equally important to note that the major practices of organisations that have introduced green supply chain management which varies across different organisation. 2.2 THEORTICAL FRAMEWORK OF GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Sarkis (2003) assert that the decisions about the environmental practices are influenced by the four stages of the product life cycle. The introduction stage of the product is emphasised on the product research and development where investment occurs, the growth stage focuses on increasing of production capacities where the logistics channel is significant, whereas the maturity stage is concerned with the implementation of cost and efficiencies and finally the decline stage where the product divestment are necessary. According to Rao (2007) the end-of-life practices has resulted in the operational life cycle of manufacturing company which includes the inbound logistics, work-in-progress, outbound logistics and the possible reverse logistics. Sarkis (2003) focused on to the procurement decision phase as the stage that can expertly influence the suppliers and impact the environment by purchasing green products. In view of this Green et al. (1998) re-emphasize that the most effective wa y for businesses to improve their environmental performance within their supply chain activities can be achieved through green purchasing and supply. 2.2.1 Inbound Logistics (Green Purchasing) Majority of the inbound function fundamentally entails green purchasing strategies implemented by enterprises to react to the growing global issues related to environmental sustainability (Rao and Holt, 2005). Min and Galle (2001, p.1223) defined green purchasing as an environmentally-conscious purchasing practice that reduces sources of waste and promotes recycling and reclamation of purchased materials without adversely affecting performance requirements of such materials. Rao and Holt (2005) opine that engaging in green purchasing can deal with issues such as material substitution through environmental sourcing of raw materials, reducing waste of hazardous materials and other waste produced. The inbound function requires the maximum support and involvement of teh suppliers if the firms can achieve their goal. The companies develop the habit of continually managing the environmental performance of their suppliers to make certain that environmentally-friendly materials and equipments by nature are produced using environmentally-freindly processes to be supplied to the companies. A consultancy firm Carbonfund based in the United States categorically stated that acquiring any input for production should be purchased from an organisation with a carbon-free product certification. This is because such inputs will require less energy, reduce or eliminate equipment stress and lesser carbon emission during the work-in-progress as well as reducing the footprint where possible and offsetting the remaining carbon emissions through third-party validated carbon reduction projects. Furthermore the end product that differentiates the brand and product of the company, reduces its total cost of operations, increase their sales and profit margin, and improve customer loyalty whiles strengthening its CSR and environmental goals (Marshall, n.d). According to the Conservation Value Institute (2008) green refers to products, services and practices whose procurement, manufacturing and use should simultaneously facilitate economic development whiles preserving the natural resources which provides quality of life and components to the global economies for the future generations. So green produced products and services would possess any of the following attributes: the products should have low maintenance requirement, durable, energy efficient and savings; should be biodegradable or incorporate recycled content and can readily be recycled; easily to be reused; do not contain highly toxic compounds and or ozone depleting substances which can result in highly toxic by-products when undergone production stage; and finally the products are to be obtained from nearest resources and manufacturers using the lowest carbon footprint transportation. Min and Galle (1997) used a specific industry groups (heavy producers of scrap and waste materials) to outline the advantages of green purchasing as contributing factor geared to source reduction of pollution in regards to recycling, re-use and low-density packaging, and towards eliminating waste in terms of dumping or scrapping, recycling and sorting for bio-degradable packaging or non-toxic inceneration. However, Min and Galle (1997) pointed out the uneconomical recycling and re-use as the three main barriers associated with green purchasing whereas lack of state or federal regulations, lack of management commitment, lack of suppliers awareness, lack of buyer awareness, deficient company-wide environmental standards or auditing programs are also important issues. Arguably, green purchasing revolves around two key element and these include the evaluation of suppliers environmental performance and mentoring to assist the suppliers to improve their performance (Rao and Holt, 2005). Green purchasing research traditionally focused on the former element wherby the companies use range of technique and tools to assess the environmental behaviour of suppliers to enable them choose supplier. Nontheless, the adoption of environmental management standards such as ISO 14001 certification accredited to the suppliers has reduced that stress (Noci, 2000). On the other hand the latter element goes beyond monitoring and evaluation, geared towards providing guidance and support for the suppliers requiring a extensive change in the attitude of the lead corporations in a supply chain (Hines and Johns, 2001). However, Hines and Johns (2001) from a positive standpoint pointed out building teamwork, non-threatening, sharing potential benefits and supplier mentoring proactive as advantages of mentoring culture, whiles the critical weaknesses is associated with cost implications, lack of physical facilities, lack of trained personnel to deliver such mentoring initiatives and above all lack of facilities. 2.2.2 Production (Green manufacturing) Handfield et al. (2005) supported the initiatives of green design, substitution, extension of products life cycle through material selection, support of suppliers and life cycle assessment (LCA) as the strategies for environmental impact reduction. The green design of the product takes into consideration the product level (thus the environmentally friendly materials to be used) and the manufacturing process of the product. The substitution is essential in the green design so as to eliminate hazardous materials in the manufacturing of the product. Also the extension of the products life ccycle linked to the green design is characterised by the reuse of the parts of an obsolete product to manufactrure new products. In doing so, there is procedures that enables the suppliers to improve their manufacturing process. Geyer and Jackson (2004) pay much attention to the end-cycle strategy of the products which includes the recycling of the end-of-life product which is redirect from being dump ed. The life cycle assessment is concern with the complete physical life cycle of the product from cradle-to- grave (Heiskanen, 2002). So manufacturer are to take into account the environmental pollution throughout the production process. Green manufacturing is interlinked to the content of manufacturing strategy (Dangayach and Deshmukh, 2001) which focuses on three braod approaches namely: manufacturing capabilities, strategic choices and best practices. Kerr and Greenhalgh (1991) viewed manufacturing capabilities as aligning cost, quality, delivery and flexibility which is termed as competitive priorities (Spring and Boaden, 1997) to the requirements of the marketplace. Spring and Boaden (1997) outline the competitive priorities as: Cost: production and distribution of product at lower cost. Quality: manufacture of products with high performance or quality standard Delivery: meet delivery schedules Flexibility: respond to changes in product, product m ix, modifications to design, fluctuations in materials, and changes in sequence. Hill (1987) enumerates the strategic choice areas of the manufacturing strategy into two pillars; the structural and infrastructure. Skinner (1969) identified the structural pillar as process and technology for operations (plant and equipment, product design and engineering and production planning and control) whiles the infrastructure provides it with long-term competitive edge through continuously improving human resource policies, organisation culture, information technology and quality systems (Hayes and Wheelwright, 1985). Best practices in manufacturing strategy has increased in recent years and these encompasses manufacturing resource planning, flexible manufacturing system, group technology, optimised production technology, just in time, total quality management (TQM) and lean production and concurring engineering (Dangayach and Deshmukh, 2001). Hayes and Wheelwright, (1985) highlighted the characteristics of world class manufacturing (WMC) as a typical example of what green manufacturing within a particular company will entail. These are: formal thrust on strategic planning; communication of strategy to all the stakeholders; long-range orientation; strategic role of manufacturing; stress on continuous improvement through TQM; supplier-customer integration and strategic focus on development of human resources. However, procedding from the above, product life cycles are shortening and the evidence is in the computer industry. The environmentalist Lee (2008) criticise the dynamic trait of technological innovation as being problematic in the sense that the rate at which technology is used by companies to create new products in order to be continuously competitive makes that same products obsolete within a short time, which poses risk to the environment. Whiles the consumers have gained from greater variety and improved performance, the trend inexorably results in increased unsold products, increased packaging materials, increased waste and increased returns (Van Hoek, 1999) therefore it is argued that shorter product life cycles has resulted in the increment of the volume of product returns and waste entering the reverse logistics network and the cost of managing them (Giuntini and Andel, 1995). 2.2.3 Outbound Logistics (Green distribution and marketing) The concerns of businesses and consumers mostly in the industrialised countries in relation to the environment and the future of the planet has partially been transformed into corporate organisations in pursuing green or environmental marketing. The outbound function of greening the supply chain encompass green marketing, environmental-friendly packaging and environmental-friendly distribution, an initiative combine to enhance the environmental performance of an organisation and its supply chain (Rao, 2003 and Sarkis, 1999). Business-to-business (B2B) green marketing encompasses a broad scope of activities connected to: product design, the manufacturing process, packaging, service delivery processes, recycling, construction, renovation of buildings and other areas such as communication. Green marketing involves green products as well as greening enterprises (Vaccaro, 2009). The Chartered Institute of Marketing (2007) defined green marketing as the management process responsible for i dentifying, anticipating as well as satisfying the requirements of customers and society. Packaging which also forms part of the organisational life cycle of can also be made to minimise waste and its impact on the environment (Sarkis, 2003). The use of packaging contributes to the waste stream whether it is made of plastic, paper, glass or metal. As a result, several countries now have adopted legislation and programmes with the objective of curtailing the environmental impact of the amount of packaging that enters the waste stream such as the Packaging Directive in the EU (Rao, 2001). Managing of waste and waste exchange can also enhance competitiveness and lead to cost savings (Rao, 2003). Several environmentally conscious enterprises are implementing an on-site waste management treatment facilities and waste exchange networks whereby plastic containers are collected by an outsources firm and brought back to the company for recycled or empty paper carton used as a packaging material by the supplier are sent back to them by the customer for re-use (Rao, 2001). Also othe r stakeholders such as NGOs and governments are tupping in efforts to enhance industrial ecology concepts for corporations whereby a closed loop approach utilises all the waste through recycling, re-use of energy and materials Warehousing and packaging design are the major components in the outbound logistics and distribution (Wu and Dunn, 1995). Wu and Dunn (1995) argued that good warehousing layouts, easy information access reduce storage and retrieval delays and standardized reusable containers whiac are all environmentally sound leads to operating costs savings. In terms of transportation for distribution, an environmentally-friendly transportation system such as transport type, sources of fuel, infrastructure and operational practices and enterprise should be considered (Kam, et al., 2003). An example is just recently, Tesco reveal its plan to open a green distribution center (Teesport Distribution Center) in Middlesbrough. The plans are to get rid of more than 12,000 lorry journeys off the UKs roads annually. The idea is to transport all the goods that arrive from ships by rail into the various stores throughout the UK (Just-food, 2009). 2.2.4 Reverse logistics Rogers and Tibben-Lembke, (1999) viewed reverse logistics as the method of moving a product from the consumption point to another point of with the aim of recapturing the remaining value or for the final proper disposal of the product. Reverse logistics today involves more than the sheer recycling of packaging materials and re-use of containers. Sarkis (2003) outline four environmentally conscious end-of-life practices as reuse, remanufacture, recycle and disposal alternatives of which Tan et al. (2003) included into the scope of reverse logistics logistics. Reduction which is the fifth practice is necessary during the manufacturing or production stage and distribution and its not just applicable as the end-of-life strategy. Even though the reuse, remanufacture, recycle are related, the variance is between the degree of reuse of the material. The reuse is exemplified by the impact of the physical structure of the material whiles the remanufacture uses parts of the original material a nd components are being replaced with other substitute. Finally the recycling then changes the physical structure of the material completely. Tan (1999) highlighted the importance of third-party logistics providers who are anticipated to offer complete solution for collection, transportation and other value-added services. Reverse logistics can also be used to clean out slow moving inventories or customers obsolete, in order to enable customers to buy more newer products (Andel, 1997). For example, Caterpillar Asia and other industrial equipment companies have implemented liberal returns policies that enable them to collect obsolete componenets and spare parts back from their appointed dealers. In return, they then remanufacture these mechanical spare parts to recaliam many remaning value (Fites, 2000). However in the case whereby much sale is not made on the new spare parts held by the dealers, the companies will reimburse their dealers with generous allowance in excahange for spare demanded by their customers. Catterpilar also uses e-commerce program for their dealers to return their existing spare parts in the exchange for those required by new products (Tan et al., 2003). However, the execution of reverse logistics encounters several obstacles or barriers such as lack of manangement attention and company policies, concerns about competitive and legal issues, shortage of personnel and financial resources, the absence of standardized processes and technologies, etc. the poor managing of reverse logistics is due to the fact that more than one firm is generally involved in the process (Rogers and Tibben-Lembke, 1999). Significance of green supply chain management It is vital for the various enterprises to know the importance of practicing green supply chain management since the environment is a major concern to lots of stakeholders such as the customers, consumers, governments, competitors, trade associations and sector bodies, environmental regulators, community groups, business support organisations, partnership groups and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are becoming environmentally conscious and that firms supply chains are being scrutinise currently than former (Simms, 2006; Holt et al., 2001; Min and Galle, 2001). Policies (existing scm) Prooceeding from the unfolding regulations and legislations from Montreal Protocol (Mascarelli,n.d), Kyoto Protocol (Kolk and Pinkse, 2006) and Copenhagen Climate Summit (Black, 2009) point towards the significance of environmentally conscious manufacturing and distribution will contuinue to develop. The acceptance of the ISO 14001 to provide an international standard for environmental manangement system (Alexander, 1996) is to pressurise enterprises to pay more attention to environmental concerns in the supply chain reproduction so as to prevent exclusion from markets requiring compliance (Thomas and Griffen, 1996). Though the research bodies that are meant to tackle environmentally conscious supply chain management is quite scanty (Thomas and Griffen, 1996), research on environmentally manufacturing has primarily concentrated on product and process design including the concepts of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and Design for the Environment (DFE) (Cattanach, 1995). The recent developments on environmental policy motivated Bloemhof-Ruwaard et al. (1995) to argue that the shift in focus from end-of-pipe control to waste prevention through integrated modelling approach, similar to supply chain management is to adequately address environmental issues. Beckman et al. (1995) presented a qualitative discussion by illustrating TQM concept to be corresponding with environmentally conscious supply chain management which Handfield et al. (2005) and Kogg (2003) term as green supply chain management (GSCM) in addressing supplier relations and product design. Beckman et al. (1995) concluded that modification or development of environmentally conscious supply chain management as an integrated model can assess the impact of the flow of products throughout the supply chain. Rao and Holt (2005) cited an example of 212 US manufacturing firms, 75 per cent respondents identified pollution prevention as important to their overall corporate performance of which 37.7 per cent identified customers as a key component in pollution prevention whereas 49.1 per cent of the firms pointed out the suppliers as the key players of pollution prevention (Florida, 1996). Reverse logistics- Clegg et al. (1995) design a linear programming model to find out profit-maximizing materials flows for both new and recycled or reclaimed parts in manufacturing operations. The reclaimed parts can either be partially or totally disassembled and the various part or parts may be discarded (perhaps sold) or reused in manufacturing. Clegg et al. (1995) concluded that the model can be used to check the sensitivity of the models parameters such as disassembly capacity, availability of reclaimed parts and limits on disposal. Rao (2002) and Ho et al. (2002) commented on the concept of green by throwing the challenge to suppliers, manufacturers, distributers, etc to welcome the concept since it fosters collaborative decision-making process that promotes creative thinking resulting into environmental-products innovation through cost reduction, waste and pollution minimisation and efficient use of resources. Citing example, Nikes official team jerseys for the 2010 World Cup were produced through the recycling of plastic bottles found in landfills. These eco-friendly shirts required 30 per cent less energy to produce the shirts compared to the use of traditional materials. Through this green practices, Nike prevented almost 13 million plastics bottles (approximately 254,000 kilogram of polyester waste) from being dumped to the landfill sites (Messenger and Alegre, 2010). Billington et al. (2009) openly stated that it is obvious that the reputations of organisations that fail to be socially responsible in their operations will be tarnished through bad publicity and mostly become vulnerable to and open to attack from NGOs. Hayes and Wheelwright (1985) in their four-stage framework of manufacturing emphases the need for companies to deploy sustainable or environmental policies throughout their operations and incorporating into their missions since that could help them to attain their strategic goals. Significance Preceding from the inbound perspective authors such as Bowen et al. (2001)and Rao (2002) argued that greening the supply chain has several benefits to an enterprise, ranging from integrating suppliers in a paticipative decision-making process that enhance environmental innovation and cost reduction. Authors such as Rao and Holt (2005) recognize that other stakeholders and customers all the time are unable to distinguish between a firm and its suppliers and in the case of environmental liabilities incurred by a company, the stakeholders intend to charge the leading company in that particular change responsible for the poor environmental impacts of all the enterprises within a particular supply chain for a specific product. Chatterjee (1998) claim that companies greening the supply chain is a concept that matches customers satisfaction, product and external business which increases the market shares of the company. Vaccaro (2009) stated that manufacturing and marketing green products differentiates the product to create competitive advantage for the company to become global leader as well as saving costs. Also, it is perceived that green supply chain management promotes efficiency and synergy among supply chain members and their lead corporations and enable them to minimise their waste, enhance their environmental performances and attain cost savings. The synergy is anticipated to improve the corporate image, marketing exposure and eventually to achieve competitive advantage. However Bowen et al. (2001) argue that enterprises will only implement green supply chain management practices provided only if they are able to identify that the practice will be lead to particular financial and operational benefi ts. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Challenge of green supply chain management Johri and Sahasakmontri (1998) identified high costs, variability in demand and unfavourable consumer perception as the main challenges of green marketing. Several consumers complain of the high prices and unglamorous image of ecologically-freindly products even though the increased awareness of environmental concerns is also resulting into constant development of eco-demand (Johri and Sahasakmontri, 1998) whereas consumer sceptism is used as ecological claims against some enterprise (Polonsky et al., 1997). However Min and Galle (1997) argued that the most serious hindrance towards effective green purchasing is the high cost associated to its environmental programmes. Min and Galle (2001) further raise the concerns about purchasing enterprises who reckon that investing in green products by way of having strong commitment towards environmental programs increases the total purchasing costs of the enterprise which eventually decreases their competitiveness. The reason is as a result of the added cost incur through its commitment in terms of employee training and environmental auditing which positions the company at an economic disadvantage as compared to the other less environmentally responsible companies since the incurred cost will be definitely pass onto the customer or end-user (Vance, 1975). In fact, it will be very difficult for a purchasing firm who has limited financial resources to be willing to adopt green purchasing tactics that can curtail the upstream waste sources which can eventually improve its overall environmental performance (Min and Galle, 2001). Thierry et al. (1995) found out that at the operational level particularly, managers of companies encounter the decision of buying more expensive environmentally friendly materials or purchasing traditional products based on cost, quality or lead time objectives as well as the challenge of locating the suitable information and data concerning green supply chain management. Nonetheless, Hevani et al., (2005) attributed the bottlenecks to green supply chain implementation to the higher cost of environmentally friendly products, lack of protection for innovations, lack of lead time to provide environmental friendly solutions, existing procurement specifications and technological issues. Nonetheless, considering the impact just-in-time has on the environmental performance of a company Nathan (2007) concluded that, the just-in-time approaches actually conflict with the objective of green supply chain management since the more empty trips of trucks makes their operation less efficient. It is obvious that the developed market is the main market of green products, mainly North America, Western Europe, Australia and South-East Asia. However, the demand of ecological products cannot be met by a particular economy thereby creating the opportunities for enterprises in transition economies or developing countries (Borregaard et al., 2003). Meanwhile enterprises in the developed countries take advantage of their reputable brand to expand their